/*
    PsychToolbox3/Source/Common/Screen/PsychWindowSupport.c

    PLATFORMS:

        All.

    AUTHORS:

        Allen Ingling       awi     Allen.Ingling@nyu.edu
        Mario Kleiner       mk      mario.kleiner.de@gmail.com

    HISTORY:

        12/20/02        awi         Wrote it mostly by modifying SDL-specific refugees (from an experimental SDL-based Psychtoolbox).
        11/16/04        awi         Added description.
        4/22/05         mk          Added support for OpenGL stereo windows and enhanced Flip-behaviour:
                                    Flip'ing at specified deadline, retaining instead of clear'ing backbuffer during flip,
                                    return of stimulus onset related timestamps, properly syncing to VBL.
        4/29/05         mk          Additional safety checks for VBL sync in PsychOpenOnscreenWindow().
        5/14/05         mk          Additional safety checks for insufficient gfx-hardware and multi-display setups,
                                    failing beam-position queries. New refresh interval estimation code, reworked Flip.
        5/19/05         mk          Extra check for 'flipwhen' values over 1000 secs in future: Abort.
        5/30/05         mk          Check for Screen('Preference', 'SkipSyncTests', 1) -> Shortened tests, if set.
        6/09/05         mk          Experimental support for busy-waiting for VBL and for multi-flip of stereo displays.
        9/30/05         mk          Added PsychRealtimePriority for improving timing tests in PsychOpenWindow()
        9/30/05         mk          Added check for Screen('Preference', 'VisualDebugLevel', level) -> Amount of vis. feedback.
        10/10/05        mk          Important Bugfix for PsychRealtimePriority() - didn't switch back to non-RT priority!!
        10/19/05        awi         Cast NULL to CGLPixelFormatAttribute type to make the compiler happy.
        12/27/05        mk          PsychWindowSupport.h/c contains the shared parts of the windows implementation for all OS'es.
        3/07/06         awi         Print warnings conditionally according to PsychPrefStateGet_SuppressAllWarnings().
        11/14/06        mk          Replace blue screen by welcome text splash screen. Tighten threshold for frame skip detector for
                                    systems without beampos queries from 1.5 to 1.2, remove 0.5 offset and use unified deadline calculation
                                    code for the flipwhen>0 case and the flipwhen==0 case. All this should not matter on systems with beampos
                                    queries, but it makes the test more sensitive on systems without beampos queries, biasing it to more false
                                    positives on noisy systems, reducing the chance for false negatives.
        11/15/06        mk          Experimental support for low-level queries of vbl count and time from the driver: Used for verifying
                                    beampos query timestamping and as a fallback on systems that lack beampos query support.

    DESCRIPTION:

    NOTES:

*/

#include "Screen.h"

// Define this for non-Waffle builds:
#ifndef WAFFLE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND
#define WAFFLE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND 0x0014
#endif

#if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX
#include <errno.h>
// utsname for uname() so we can find out on which kernel we're running:
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#endif

// Support for nvstusb library requested to drive Nvidia NVision stereo shutter goggles?
#ifdef PTB_USE_NVSTUSB

#if PSYCH_SYSTEM != PSYCH_WINDOWS
// Include for dynamic loading of external nvstusb library plugin:
#include <dlfcn.h>
#endif

#include "nvstusb.h"
typedef struct nvstusb_context* (*NVSTUSB_INIT_PROC)(char const * fw);
typedef void (*NVSTUSB_DEINIT_PROC)(struct nvstusb_context *ctx);
typedef void (*NVSTUSB_SET_RATE_PROC)(struct nvstusb_context *ctx, float rate);
typedef void (*NVSTUSB_SWAP_PROC)(struct nvstusb_context *ctx, enum nvstusb_eye eye, void (*swapfunc)());
typedef void (*NVSTUSB_GET_KEYS_PROC)(struct nvstusb_context *ctx, struct nvstusb_keys *keys);
typedef void (*NVSTUSB_INVERT_EYES_PROC)(struct nvstusb_context *ctx);

NVSTUSB_INIT_PROC Nvstusb_init_proc = NULL;
NVSTUSB_DEINIT_PROC Nvstusb_deinit_proc = NULL;
NVSTUSB_SET_RATE_PROC Nvstusb_set_rate_proc = NULL;
NVSTUSB_SWAP_PROC Nvstusb_swap_proc = NULL;
NVSTUSB_GET_KEYS_PROC Nvstusb_get_keys_proc = NULL;
NVSTUSB_INVERT_EYES_PROC Nvstusb_invert_eyes_proc = NULL;

static void* nvstusb_plugin = NULL;
static struct nvstusb_context* nvstusb_goggles = NULL;
#endif
static double nvsttriggerdelay = 0;

#if PSYCH_SYSTEM != PSYCH_WINDOWS
#include "ptbstartlogo.h"
#else
/* This is a placeholder for ptbstartlogo.h until the fu%&$ing M$-Compiler can handle it.
* GIMP RGBA C-Source image dump (welcomeWait.c)
*/
static const struct {
unsigned int      width;
unsigned int      height;
unsigned int      bytes_per_pixel; /* 3:RGB, 4:RGBA */
unsigned char     pixel_data[4 + 1];
} gimp_image = { 1, 1, 4, "    ",};
#endif

static struct {
unsigned int      width;
unsigned int      height;
unsigned int      bytes_per_pixel; /* 3:RGB, 4:RGBA */
unsigned char*    pixel_data;
} splash_image;

/* Flag which defines if userspace rendering is active: */
static psych_bool inGLUserspace = FALSE;

// We keep track of the current active rendertarget in order to
// avoid needless state changes:
static PsychWindowRecordType* currentRendertarget = NULL;

// Count of currently async-flipping onscreen windows:
static unsigned int    asyncFlipOpsActive = 0;

// Count of onscreen windows which have our own threaded frameseq stereo implementation active:
static unsigned int frameSeqStereoActive = 0;

// Return count of currently async-flipping onscreen windows:
unsigned int PsychGetNrAsyncFlipsActive(void)
{
    return(asyncFlipOpsActive);
}

// Return count of currently frameseq stereo threaded onscreen windows:
unsigned int PsychGetNrFrameSeqStereoWindowsActive(void)
{
    return(frameSeqStereoActive);
}

static void PsychDrawSplash(PsychWindowRecordType* windowRecord)
{
    int logo_x, logo_y;
    int visual_debuglevel = PsychPrefStateGet_VisualDebugLevel();

    // Use alternate texture-mapping based splash drawing on OSX, on the hunch that Apple
    // might have screwed up their glDrawPixels() implementation so badly on some gpu's that
    // it causes lots of sync failures, especially on modern iMac's. Unclear if this is the
    // case, but let's see what user testing will show:
    if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX)
        return;

    // See call below for explanation: This workaround is also needed on VideoCore-4 + DRI3/Present, so maybe the assumption
    // that this is an intel-ddx sna bug is wrong, and it is actually a Mesa DRI3/Present bug in drawable invalidation/revalidation?
    if (strstr(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "Intel") || strstr(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "VC4")) {
        PsychWaitPixelSyncToken(windowRecord, TRUE);
    }

    // Skip this function on OpenGL-ES or on BroadCom VideoCore-4 gpu, as it is
    // either unsupported, or too slow:
    if (!PsychIsGLClassic(windowRecord) || strstr(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "VC4"))
        return;

    // Compute logo_x and logo_y x,y offset for drawing the startup logo:
    logo_x = ((int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(windowRecord->rect) - (int) splash_image.width) / 2;
    logo_x = (logo_x > 0) ? logo_x : 0;
    logo_y = ((int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(windowRecord->rect) - (int) splash_image.height) / 2;
    logo_y = (logo_y > 0) ? logo_y : 0;

    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

    if ((visual_debuglevel >= 4) && (splash_image.bytes_per_pixel > 0)) {
        glPixelZoom(1, -1);
        glRasterPos2i(logo_x, logo_y);
        glDrawPixels(splash_image.width, splash_image.height, splash_image.bytes_per_pixel, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, (void*) &splash_image.pixel_data[0]);
        glPixelZoom(1, 1);
    }

    return;
}

// Dynamic rebinding of ARB extensions to core routines:
// This is a trick to get GLSL working on current OS-X (10.4.4). MacOS-X supports the OpenGL
// shading language on all graphics cards as an ARB extension. But as OS-X only supports
// OpenGL versions < 2.0 as of now, the functionality is not available as core functions, but
// only as their ARB counterparts. e.g., glCreateProgram() is always a NULL-Ptr on OS-X, but
// glCreateProgramObjectARB() is supported with exactly the same syntax and behaviour. By
// binding glCreateProgram as glCreateProgramObjectARB, we allow users to write Matlab code
// that uses glCreateProgram -- which is cleaner code than using glCreateProgramObjectARB,
// and it saves us from parsing tons of additional redundant function definitions anc code
// generation...
// In this function, we try to detect such OS dependent quirks and try to work around them...
void PsychRebindARBExtensionsToCore(void)
{
    // Remap unsupported OpenGL 2.0 core functions for GLSL to supported ARB extension counterparts:
    if (NULL == glCreateProgram) glCreateProgram = glCreateProgramObjectARB;
    if (NULL == glCreateShader) glCreateShader = glCreateShaderObjectARB;
    if (NULL == glShaderSource) glShaderSource = (PFNGLSHADERSOURCEPROC) glShaderSourceARB;
    if (NULL == glCompileShader) glCompileShader = glCompileShaderARB;
    if (NULL == glAttachShader) glAttachShader = glAttachObjectARB;
    if (NULL == glLinkProgram) glLinkProgram = glLinkProgramARB;
    if (NULL == glUseProgram) glUseProgram = glUseProgramObjectARB;
    if (NULL == glGetAttribLocation) glGetAttribLocation = glGetAttribLocationARB;
    if (NULL == glGetUniformLocation) glGetUniformLocation = glGetUniformLocationARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform1f) glUniform1f = glUniform1fARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform2f) glUniform2f = glUniform2fARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform3f) glUniform3f = glUniform3fARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform4f) glUniform4f = glUniform4fARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform1fv) glUniform1fv = glUniform1fvARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform2fv) glUniform2fv = glUniform2fvARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform3fv) glUniform3fv = glUniform3fvARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform4fv) glUniform4fv = glUniform4fvARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform1i) glUniform1i = glUniform1iARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform2i) glUniform2i = glUniform2iARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform3i) glUniform3i = glUniform3iARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform4i) glUniform4i = glUniform4iARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform1iv) glUniform1iv = glUniform1ivARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform2iv) glUniform2iv = glUniform2ivARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform3iv) glUniform3iv = glUniform3ivARB;
    if (NULL == glUniform4iv) glUniform4iv = glUniform4ivARB;
    if (NULL == glUniformMatrix2fv) glUniformMatrix2fv = glUniformMatrix2fvARB;
    if (NULL == glUniformMatrix3fv) glUniformMatrix3fv = glUniformMatrix3fvARB;
    if (NULL == glUniformMatrix4fv) glUniformMatrix4fv = glUniformMatrix4fvARB;
    if (NULL == glGetShaderiv) glGetShaderiv = glGetObjectParameterivARB;
    if (NULL == glGetProgramiv) glGetProgramiv = glGetObjectParameterivARB;
    if (NULL == glGetShaderInfoLog) glGetShaderInfoLog = glGetInfoLogARB;
    if (NULL == glGetProgramInfoLog) glGetProgramInfoLog = glGetInfoLogARB;
    if (NULL == glValidateProgram) glValidateProgram = glValidateProgramARB;
    if (NULL == glGenQueries) glGenQueries = glGenQueriesARB;
    if (NULL == glDeleteQueries) glDeleteQueries = glDeleteQueriesARB;
    if (NULL == glBeginQuery) glBeginQuery = glBeginQueryARB;
    if (NULL == glEndQuery) glEndQuery = glEndQueryARB;
    if (NULL == glGetQueryObjectuiv) glGetQueryObjectuiv = glGetQueryObjectuivARB;

    // Misc other stuff to remap...
    if (NULL == glDrawRangeElements) glDrawRangeElements = glDrawRangeElementsEXT;
    return;
}


/*
    PsychOpenOnscreenWindow()

    This routine first calls the operating system dependent setup routine in PsychWindowGlue to open
    an onscreen - window and create, setup and attach an OpenGL rendering context to it.

    Then it does all the OS independent setup stuff, like sanity and timing checks, determining the
    real monitor refresh and flip interval and start/endline of VBL via measurements and so on...

    -The pixel format and the context are stored in the target specific field of the window recored.  Close
    should clean up by destroying both the pixel format and the context.

    -We mantain the context because it must be be made the current context by drawing functions to draw into
    the specified window.

    -We maintain the pixel format object because there seems to be no way to retrieve that from the context.

    -To tell the caller to clean up PsychOpenOnscreenWindow returns FALSE if we fail to open the window. It
    would be better to just issue an PsychErrorExit() and have that clean up everything allocated outside of
    PsychOpenOnscreenWindow().

    MK: The new option 'stereomode' allows selection of stereo display instead of mono display:
    0 (default) == Old behaviour -> Monoscopic rendering context.
    >0          == Stereo display, where the number defines the type of stereo algorithm to use.
    =1          == Use OpenGL built-in stereo by creating a context/window with left- and right backbuffer.
    =2          == Use compressed frame stereo: Put both views into one framebuffer, one in top half, other in lower half.

    MK: Calibration/Measurement code was added that estimates the monitor refresh interval and the number of
        the last scanline (End of vertical blank interval). This increases time for opening an onscreen window
        by up to multiple seconds on slow (60 Hz) displays, but allows reliable syncing to VBL and kind of WaitBlanking
        functionality in Screen('Flip')... Also lots of tests for proper working of VBL-Sync and other stuff have been added.
        Contains experimental support for flipping multiple displays synchronously, e.g., for dual display stereo setups.

*/
psych_bool PsychOpenOnscreenWindow(PsychScreenSettingsType *screenSettings, PsychWindowRecordType **windowRecord, int numBuffers, int stereomode, double* rect, int multiSample, PsychWindowRecordType* sharedContextWindow, psych_int64 specialFlags)
{
    PsychRectType dummyrect;
    double splashMinDurationSecs = 0;
    double ifi_nominal=0;
    double ifi_estimate = 0;
    int retry_count=0;
    int numSamples=0;
    double stddev=0;
    double maxsecs;
    int VBL_Endline = -1;
    long vbl_startline, dummy_width;
    int i, maxline, bp;
    double tsum=0;
    double tcount=0;
    double ifi_beamestimate = 0;
    int logo_x, logo_y;

    CGDirectDisplayID cgDisplayID;
    int ringTheBell=-1;
    GLint VRAMTotal=0;
    GLint TexmemTotal=0;
    psych_bool sync_trouble = FALSE;
    psych_bool sync_disaster = FALSE;
    psych_bool did_pageflip = FALSE;
    int skip_synctests;
    int visual_debuglevel = PsychPrefStateGet_VisualDebugLevel();
    int conserveVRAM = PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM();
    GLboolean isFloatBuffer;
    GLint bpc;
    double maxStddev, maxDeviation, maxDuration;    // Sync thresholds and settings...
    int minSamples;
    int vblbias, vbltotal;
    int gpuMaintype, gpuMinortype;

    // Splash screen support:
    char splashPath[FILENAME_MAX];
    char* dummychar;
    FILE* splashFd;

    (void) dummychar;

    // OS-9 emulation? If so, then we only work in double-buffer mode:
    if (PsychPrefStateGet_EmulateOldPTB()) numBuffers = 2;

    // Child protection: We need 2 AUX buffers for compressed stereo.
    if ((conserveVRAM & kPsychDisableAUXBuffers) && (stereomode==kPsychCompressedTLBRStereo || stereomode==kPsychCompressedTRBLStereo)) {
        printf("ERROR! You tried to disable AUX buffers via Screen('Preference', 'ConserveVRAM')\n while trying to use compressed stereo, which needs AUX-Buffers!\n");
        return(FALSE);
    }

    // Retrieve thresholds for a sync test and calibration that is considered to be successfull (i.e., !sync_disaster):
    PsychPrefStateGet_SynctestThresholds(&maxStddev, &minSamples, &maxDeviation, &maxDuration);

    //First allocate the window recored to store stuff into.  If we exit with an error PsychErrorExit() should
    //call PsychPurgeInvalidWindows which will clean up the window record.
    PsychCreateWindowRecord(windowRecord);          //this also fills the window index field.

    // Show our "splash-screen wannabe" startup message at opening of first onscreen window:
    // Also init the thread handle to our main thread here:
    if ((*windowRecord)->windowIndex == PSYCH_FIRST_WINDOW) {
        if(PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>2) {
            printf("\n\nPTB-INFO: This is Psychtoolbox-3 for %s, under %s (Version %i.%i.%i - Build date: %s).\n", PSYCHTOOLBOX_OS_NAME, PSYCHTOOLBOX_SCRIPTING_LANGUAGE_NAME, PsychGetMajorVersionNumber(), PsychGetMinorVersionNumber(), PsychGetPointVersionNumber(), PsychGetBuildDate());
            printf("PTB-INFO: Support status on this operating system release: %s\n", PsychSupportStatus());
            printf("PTB-INFO: Type 'PsychtoolboxVersion' for more detailed version information.\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: Most parts of the Psychtoolbox distribution are licensed to you under terms of the MIT License, with\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: some restrictions. See file 'License.txt' in the Psychtoolbox root folder for the exact licensing conditions.\n\n");
        }

        if (PsychPrefStateGet_EmulateOldPTB() && PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>1) {
            printf("PTB-INFO: Psychtoolbox is running in compatibility mode to old MacOS-9 PTB. This is an experimental feature with\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: limited support and possibly significant bugs hidden in it! Use with great caution and avoid if you can!\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: Currently implemented: Screen('OpenOffscreenWindow'), Screen('CopyWindow') and Screen('WaitBlanking')\n");
        }
    }

    // Add all passed-in specialFlags to windows specialflags:
    (*windowRecord)->specialflags |= specialFlags;

    // Assign the passed windowrect 'rect' to the new window:
    PsychCopyRect((*windowRecord)->rect, rect);

    // Assign requested level of multisampling for hardware Anti-Aliasing: 0 means - No hw-AA,
    // n>0 means: use hw-AA and try to get multisample buffers for at least n samples per pixel.
    // Todays hardware (as of mid 2006) typically supports 2x and 4x AA, Radeons support 6x AA.
    // If a request for n samples/pixel can't be satisfied by the hardware/OS, then we fall back
    // to the highest possible value. Worst case: We fall back to non-multisampled mode.
    // We pass in the requested value, after opening the window, the windowRecord contains
    // the real value used.
    (*windowRecord)->multiSample = multiSample;

    // Assign requested color buffer depth:
    (*windowRecord)->depth = screenSettings->depth.depths[0];

    // Explicit OpenGL context ressource sharing requested?
    if (sharedContextWindow) {
        // A pointer to a previously created onscreen window was provided and the OpenGL context of
        // the new window shall share ressources with the context of the provided window:
        (*windowRecord)->slaveWindow = sharedContextWindow;
    }

    // Automatic OpenGL context ressource sharing? By default, if no explicit sharing with
    // a specific sharedContextWindow is requested and context sharing is not disabled via
    // some 'ConserveVRAM' flag, we will try to share ressources of all OpenGL contexts
    // to simplify multi-window operations.
    if ((sharedContextWindow == NULL) && ((conserveVRAM & kPsychDontShareContextRessources) == 0) &&
        (PsychCountOpenWindows(kPsychDoubleBufferOnscreen) + PsychCountOpenWindows(kPsychSingleBufferOnscreen) > 0)) {
        // Try context ressource sharing: Assign first onscreen window as sharing window:
        i = PSYCH_FIRST_WINDOW - 1;
        do {
            // Try next window index:
            i++;

            // Skip this one if it is ourselves:
            if (i == (*windowRecord)->windowIndex) i++;

            // Abort search if no further windowRecords available (invalid_Windex return code):
            if (PsychError_invalidWindex == FindWindowRecord(i, &((*windowRecord)->slaveWindow))) break;

            // Repeat search if this ain't an onscreen window, or on Linux, if it is located on a
            // different X-Screen aka screenNumber, because windows can't share resources across X-Screens:
        } while (!PsychIsOnscreenWindow((*windowRecord)->slaveWindow) || ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && ((*windowRecord)->slaveWindow->screenNumber != screenSettings->screenNumber)));

        // Sanity check - Do conditions hold for valid sharing window?
        if (!((*windowRecord)->slaveWindow) || !PsychIsOnscreenWindow((*windowRecord)->slaveWindow) ||
            ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && ((*windowRecord)->slaveWindow->screenNumber != screenSettings->screenNumber))) {
            // Failed: Invalidate slaveWindow, so no context sharing takes place - It would fail anyway in lower-level layer:
            (*windowRecord)->slaveWindow = NULL;
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>3) printf("PTB-INFO: This onscreen window could not find a peer window for sharing of OpenGL context ressources.\n");
        } else {
            // Ok, now we should have the first onscreen window assigned as slave window.
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>3) printf("PTB-INFO: This onscreen window tries to share OpenGL context ressources with window %i.\n", i);
        }
    }

    // Call the OS specific low-level Window & Context setup routine:
    if (!PsychOSOpenOnscreenWindow(screenSettings, (*windowRecord), numBuffers, stereomode, conserveVRAM)) {
        printf("\nPTB-ERROR[Low-Level setup of window failed]:The specified display may not support double buffering and/or stereo output. There could be insufficient video memory\n\n");
        FreeWindowRecordFromPntr(*windowRecord);
        return(FALSE);
    }

    // At this point, the new onscreen windows master OpenGL context is active and bound...

    // Do a dummy query for type of OpenGL api that is in use. This will initialize the
    // cached global copy of OpenGL api type to the setting of this windowRecord. The cached
    // copy is used whenever code can't access the per windowRecord copy, e.g., because it
    // does not have access to a windowRecord:
    PsychIsGLClassic(*windowRecord);

    // Check for properly working glGetString() -- Some drivers (Some NVidia GF8/9 drivers on WinXP)
    // have a bug in conjunction with context ressource sharing here. Non-working glGetString is
    // a showstopper bug, but we should tell the user about the problem and stop safely instead
    // of taking whole runtime down:
    if (NULL == glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS)) {
        // Game over:
        printf("PTB CRITICAL ERROR: Your graphics driver seems to have a bug which causes the OpenGL command glGetString() to malfunction!\n");
        printf("PTB CRITICAL ERROR: Can't continue safely, will therefore abort execution here.\n");
        printf("PTB CRITICAL ERROR: In the past this bug has been observed with some NVidia Geforce 8000 drivers under WindowsXP when using\n");
        printf("PTB CRITICAL ERROR: OpenGL 3D graphics mode. The recommended fix is to update your graphics drivers. A workaround that may\n");
        printf("PTB CRITICAL ERROR: work (but has its own share of problems) is to disable OpenGL context isolation. Type 'help ConserveVRAMSettings'\n");
        printf("PTB CRICICAL ERROR: and read the paragraph about setting '8' for more info.\n\n");

        // We abort! Close the onscreen window:
        PsychOSCloseWindow(*windowRecord);
        // Free the windowRecord:
        FreeWindowRecordFromPntr(*windowRecord);
        // Done. Return failure:
        return(FALSE);
    }

    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) {
        psych_bool softwareOpenGL = FALSE;

        if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS) {
            if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "GDI")) {
                softwareOpenGL = TRUE;

                printf("\n\n\n\nPTB-WARNING: Seems that Microsofts OpenGL software renderer is active! This will likely cause miserable\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: performance, lack of functionality and severe timing and synchronization problems.\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Most likely you do not have native OpenGL vendor supplied drivers (ICD's) for your graphics hardware\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: installed on your system.Many Windows machines (and especially Windows Vista) come without these preinstalled.\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Go to the webpage of your computer vendor or directly to the webpage of NVidia/AMD/ATI/3DLabs/Intel\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: and make sure that you've download and install their latest driver for your graphics card.\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Other causes, after you've ruled out the above:\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Maybe you run at a too high display resolution, or the system is running out of ressources for some other reason.\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Another reason could be that you disabled hardware acceleration in the display settings panel: Make sure that\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: in Display settings panel -> Settings -> Advanced -> Troubleshoot -> The hardware acceleration slider is\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: set to 'Full' (rightmost position).\n\n");
            }
        }

        if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) {
            if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "Mesa X11") && strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "Brian Paul")) {
                softwareOpenGL = TRUE;

                printf("\n\n\n\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Seems that a Mesa OpenGL software renderer is active! This will likely cause miserable\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: performance, lack of functionality and severe timing and synchronization problems.\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Most likely you are running Psychtoolbox on a Matlab version 8.4 (R2014b) or later and\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Matlab is causing this problem by overriding your operating systems OpenGL library with\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: its own outdated software library. Please run the setup script PsychLinuxConfiguration()\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: now from your Matlab command window and then quit and restart Matlab to fix this problem.\n");
                printf("\n\n");
            }
        }

        // On a software OpenGL implementation, only allow to continue if kPsychUseSoftwareRenderer flag is set:
        if (softwareOpenGL && ((PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychUseSoftwareRenderer) == 0)) {
            printf("PTB-WARNING: Actually, it is pointless to continue with the software renderer, as that will cause more trouble than good.\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: I will abort now. Read the troubleshooting tips above to fix the problem. You can override this if you add the following\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: command: Screen('Preference', 'ConserveVRAM', 64); to get a functional, but close to useless window up and running.\n\n\n");

            // We abort! Close the onscreen window:
            PsychOSCloseWindow(*windowRecord);

            // Free the windowRecord:
            FreeWindowRecordFromPntr(*windowRecord);

            // Done. Return failure:
            return(FALSE);
        }
    }

    // Decide if 10 or 11 or 16 bpc framebuffer should be enabled by our own kernel driver trick, or
    // if the OS + graphics drivers has done proper work already:
    if (((*windowRecord)->depth == 30) || ((*windowRecord)->depth == 33) || ((*windowRecord)->depth == 48)) {
        // Ask the OS what it thinks it has set atm.:
        glGetIntegerv(GL_RED_BITS, &bpc);

        // Support for kernel driver available? Only on Linux:
#if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX
        if (bpc >= (*windowRecord)->depth / 3) {
            // Linux, and the OS claims it runs at at least requested bpc. Good, take it at face value.
            printf("PTB-INFO: Linux native %i bit per color framebuffer requested, and the OS claims it is working fine. Good.\n", bpc);
        }
        else {
            // No native requested bpc support. Only support our homegrown method with PTB kernel driver on ATI/AMD hardware:
            printf("PTB-INFO: Native %i bit per color framebuffer requested, but the OS doesn't allow it. It only provides %i bpc.\n", (*windowRecord)->depth / 3, bpc);

            // We only support the 48 bit color depth / 16 bpc hack on Linux + X11, not on OSX et al.:
            if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM != PSYCH_LINUX) && ((*windowRecord)->depth == 48)) {
                printf("\nPTB-ERROR: Your script requested a %i bpp, %i bpc framebuffer, but i can't provide this for you, because\n", (*windowRecord)->depth, (*windowRecord)->depth / 3);
                printf("PTB-ERROR: my own 16 bpc setup code only works on Linux with a properly setup X11/GLX display backend.\n");
                PsychOSCloseWindow(*windowRecord);
                FreeWindowRecordFromPntr(*windowRecord);
                return(FALSE);
            }

            printf("PTB-INFO: Will now try to use our own high bit depth setup code as an alternative approach to fullfill your needs.\n");
            gpuMaintype = kPsychUnknown;
            if (!PsychOSIsKernelDriverAvailable(screenSettings->screenNumber) ||
                !PsychGetGPUSpecs(screenSettings->screenNumber, &gpuMaintype, &gpuMinortype, NULL, NULL) ||
                (gpuMaintype != kPsychRadeon) || (gpuMinortype > 0xffff) || (PsychGetScreenDepthValue(screenSettings->screenNumber) != 24)) {
                printf("\nPTB-ERROR: Your script requested a %i bpp, %i bpc framebuffer, but i can't provide this for you, because\n", (*windowRecord)->depth, (*windowRecord)->depth / 3);
                if ((gpuMaintype != kPsychRadeon) || (gpuMinortype > 0xffff)) {
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: this functionality is not supported on your model of graphics card. Only AMD/ATI GPU's of the\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: Radeon X1000 series, and Radeon HD-2000 series and later models, and corresponding FireGL/FirePro\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: cards are supported. This covers basically all AMD graphics cards since about the year 2007.\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: NVidia graphics cards since the GeForce-8000 series and corresponding Quadro cards can be setup\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: for 10 bpc framebuffer support by specifying a 'DefaultDepth' setting of 30 bit in the xorg.conf file.\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: The latest Intel graphics cards may be able to achieve 10 bpc with 'DefaultDepth' 30 setting if your\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: graphics driver is recent enough, however this hasn't been actively tested on Intel cards so far.\n\n");
                }
                else if (!PsychOSIsKernelDriverAvailable(screenSettings->screenNumber)) {
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: Linux low-level MMIO access by Psychtoolbox is disabled or not permitted on your system in this session.\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: On Linux you must either configure your system by executing the script 'PsychLinuxConfiguration' once,\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: or start Octave or Matlab as root, ie. system administrator or via sudo command for this to work.\n\n");
                }
                else if (PsychGetScreenDepthValue(screenSettings->screenNumber) != 24) {
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: your display is not set to 24 bit 'DefaultDepth' color depth, but to %i bit color depth in xorg.conf.\n\n",
                           (int) PsychGetScreenDepthValue(screenSettings->screenNumber));
                }

                PsychOSCloseWindow(*windowRecord);
                FreeWindowRecordFromPntr(*windowRecord);
                return(FALSE);
            }

            // Basic support seems to be there, set the request flag.
            (*windowRecord)->specialflags|= kPsychNative10bpcFBActive;
        }

        if (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychEnforce10BitFramebufferHack) {
            printf("PTB-INFO: Override: Will try to enable %i bpc framebuffer mode regardless if i think it is needed/sensible or not.\n", (*windowRecord)->depth / 3);
            printf("PTB-INFO: Override: Doing so because you set the kPsychEnforce10BitFramebufferHack flag in Screen('Preference','ConserveVRAM').\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: Override: Cross your fingers, this may end badly if your GPU or setup is not one of the supported models and configurations...\n");
            (*windowRecord)->specialflags|= kPsychNative10bpcFBActive;
        }
#else
        // Make compiler happy:
        (void) gpuMaintype;
        (void) gpuMinortype;

        // Not supported by our own code and kernel driver (we don't have such a driver for Windows), but some recent 2008
        // series AMD FireGL and NVidia Quadro cards at least provide the option to enable this natively - although it didn't
        // work properly in our tests around the year 2009.
        if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX) && (bpc >= (*windowRecord)->depth / 3)) {
            // OSX and the OS claims it runs at at least requested bpc. Good, take
            // it at face value. This should work on OSX >= 10.11.2 at least for
            // some graphics cards, as far as the framebuffer is concerned.
            // The actual output bit depth is totally unverified, but supposed to
            // achieve up to 11 bpc on some Apple machines (MacPro 2013, iMac Retina 5k 2014 & 2015). See:
            // https://developer.apple.com/library/content/releasenotes/MacOSX/WhatsNewInOSX/Articles/MacOSX10_11_2.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40016630-SW1
            //
            // Note that this is a floating point framebuffer, so the effective linear bit depth for the
            // displayable color range is much lower. E.g., the 16 bpc half-float translate into actual
            // ~ 11 bpc linear precision!
            printf("PTB-INFO: OSX native floating point %i bit per color framebuffer requested, and the OS claims it is working fine. Good.\n", bpc);
            printf("PTB-INFO: Please note that the effective linear output precision will be *much* lower, e.g., only at most 11 bpc for 16 bpc float.\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: Also, only some very limited subset of Apple hardware can actually output up to 11 bpc precision on a few displays.\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: As of the year 2016, only the MacPro 2013, and iMac Retina 5k models from late 2014 and late 2015 are claimed\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: by Apple to support about 10-11 bit output on some supported displays under some conditions!\n");
        }
        else if (bpc >= ((*windowRecord)->depth / 3)) {
            printf("PTB-INFO: Windows native %i bit per color framebuffer requested, and the OS claims it is working. Good.\n", bpc);
        }
        else {
            printf("\nPTB-ERROR: Your script requested a %i bpp, %i bpc framebuffer, but the OS rejected your request and only provides %i bpc.\n",
                   (*windowRecord)->depth, (*windowRecord)->depth / 3, bpc);
            if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS) {
                printf("PTB-ERROR: Some year 2008 and later AMD/ATI FireGL/FirePro and NVidia Quadro cards may support 10 bpc with some drivers,\n");
                printf("PTB-ERROR: but you must enable it manually in the Catalyst or Quadro Control center (somewhere under ''Workstation settings'').\n");
            }
            PsychOSCloseWindow(*windowRecord);
            FreeWindowRecordFromPntr(*windowRecord);
            return(FALSE);
        }
#endif
    }

    if ((sharedContextWindow == NULL) && ((*windowRecord)->slaveWindow)) {
        // Undo slave window assignment from context sharing:
        (*windowRecord)->slaveWindow = NULL;
    }

    // Now we have a valid, visible onscreen (fullscreen) window with valid
    // OpenGL context attached. We mark it immediately as Onscreen window,
    // so in case of an error, the Screen('CloseAll') routine can properly
    // close it and release the Window system and OpenGL ressources.
    if(numBuffers==1) {
        (*windowRecord)->windowType=kPsychSingleBufferOnscreen;
    }
    else {
        (*windowRecord)->windowType=kPsychDoubleBufferOnscreen;
    }

    // Dynamically rebind core extensions: Ugly ugly...
    PsychRebindARBExtensionsToCore();

    if (((((*windowRecord)->depth == 30) || ((*windowRecord)->depth == 33) || ((*windowRecord)->depth == 48)) && !((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychNative10bpcFBActive)) ||
        ((*windowRecord)->depth == 32) || ((*windowRecord)->depth == 64) || ((*windowRecord)->depth == 128)) {

        // Floating point framebuffer active? GL_RGBA_FLOAT_MODE_ARB would be a viable alternative?
        isFloatBuffer = FALSE;
        glGetBooleanv(GL_COLOR_FLOAT_APPLE, &isFloatBuffer);
        if (isFloatBuffer) {
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) printf("PTB-INFO: Floating point precision framebuffer enabled.\n");
        }
        else {
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 3) printf("PTB-INFO: Fixed point precision integer framebuffer enabled.\n");
        }

        // Query and show bpc for all channels:
        glGetIntegerv(GL_RED_BITS, &bpc);
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 3) printf("PTB-INFO: System Frame buffer provides %i bits for red channel.\n", bpc);
        glGetIntegerv(GL_GREEN_BITS, &bpc);
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 3) printf("PTB-INFO: System Frame buffer provides %i bits for green channel.\n", bpc);
        glGetIntegerv(GL_BLUE_BITS, &bpc);
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 3) printf("PTB-INFO: System Frame buffer provides %i bits for blue channel.\n", bpc);
        glGetIntegerv(GL_ALPHA_BITS, &bpc);
        if (((*windowRecord)->depth == 30) || ((*windowRecord)->depth == 33) || ((*windowRecord)->depth == 48)) {
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4) {
                printf("PTB-INFO: Hardware frame buffer provides %i bits for alpha channel. This is the effective alpha bit depths if the imaging pipeline is off.\n", bpc);
                printf("PTB-INFO: If the imaging pipeline is enabled, then the effective alpha bit depth depends on imaging pipeline configuration and is likely >= 8 bits.\n");
            }
        }
        else {
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 3) {
                printf("PTB-INFO: System frame buffer provides %i bits for alpha channel, but effective alpha bits depends on imaging pipeline setup, if any.\n", bpc);
            }
        }
    }

    // Query if this onscreen window has a backbuffer with alpha channel, i.e.
    // it has more than zero alpha bits:
    glGetIntegerv(GL_ALPHA_BITS, &bpc);

    // Windows are either RGB or RGBA, so either 3 or 4 channels. Here we
    // assign the default depths for this window record. This value needs to get
    // overriden when imaging pipeline is active, because there we use framebuffer
    // objects as backing store which always have RGBA 4 channel format.
    (*windowRecord)->nrchannels = (bpc > 0) ? 4 : 3;

    // We need the real color depth (bits per color component) of the framebuffer attached
    // to this onscreen window. We need it to setup color range correctly:
    // Assign true bit depth bpc of framebuffer, unless we're using our own
    // special native 10/11 bit framebuffer mode on OS/X and Linux via kernel driver.
    // In that special case, the imaging pipeline will reassign a proper effective
    // depths of 16 bpc or 32 bpc for the float FBO drawbuffer later on.
    if (!((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychNative10bpcFBActive)) {
        // Standard native framebuffer/backbuffer for this onscreen window bound.
        // Effective bpc is that of the OpenGL context. Query and assign:
        bpc = 8;
        glGetIntegerv(GL_RED_BITS, &bpc);
        (*windowRecord)->bpc = bpc;
        if ((PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) && (bpc > 8)) printf("PTB-INFO: Real (OS native, queried) color resolution of the GPU framebuffer is %i bits per RGB color component.\n", bpc);

        // Make sure user usercode got what it wanted: Warn if it didn't get what it wanted. 32 bpp is an exception, as
        // it is used by old crufty ptb scripts, but not to request a > 8 bpc fb, so omit 32 bpp.
        if ((bpc * 3 < (*windowRecord)->depth) && ((*windowRecord)->depth != 32) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1)) {
            printf("PTB-WARNING: Real color resolution of the GPU framebuffer of %i bits per RGB component is *lower* than the desired %i bits, at a requested pixelsize of %i bpp!\n",
                   bpc, (*windowRecord)->depth / 3, (*windowRecord)->depth);
        }

        // Assign effective color depth as windows 'Pixelsize':
        (*windowRecord)->depth = bpc * 3;
    }
    else {
        // Special 10/11/16 bpc framebuffer activated by our own method:
        bpc = (*windowRecord)->depth / 3;
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) printf("PTB-INFO: Assuming kernel driver provided color resolution of the GPU framebuffer will be %i bits per RGB color component.\n", bpc);
    }

    // Compute colorRange for bit depths:
    (*windowRecord)->colorRange = (double) ((1 << bpc) - 1);

    // Now we start to fill in the remaining windowRecord with settings:
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------

    // Normalize final windowRect: It is shifted so that its top-left corner is
    // always the origin (0,0). This way we lose the information about the absolute
    // position of the window on the screen, but this can be still queried from the
    // Screen('Rect') command for a screen index. Not normalizing creates breakage
    // in a lot of our own internal code, many demos and probably a lot of user code.
    PsychCopyRect(dummyrect, (*windowRecord)->rect);
    PsychNormalizeRect(dummyrect, (*windowRecord)->rect);

    // Setup a temporary clientrect for window which is a copy of rect. This is
    // just to bring us through "bringup" of the window. It will be replaced in
    // SCREENOpenWindow() by a properly computed clientrect:
    PsychCopyRect((*windowRecord)->clientrect, (*windowRecord)->rect);

    // First opened onscreen window in this session? If so, prepare the splash image:
    if (PsychIsLastOnscreenWindow(*windowRecord)) {
        // Startup-Splashimage display code:
        // ---------------------------------

        // Default to "No external splash screen assigned":
        memset((void*) &splash_image, 0, sizeof(splash_image));

        // We load and display the splash image if the 'welcome' screen is enabled and we can
        // find it:
        if ((visual_debuglevel >= 4) && (strlen(PsychRuntimeGetPsychtoolboxRoot(FALSE)) > 0)) {
            // Yes! Assemble full path name to splash image:
            sprintf(splashPath, "%sPsychBasic/WelcomeSplash.ppm", PsychRuntimeGetPsychtoolboxRoot(FALSE));

            // Try to open splash image file:
            splashFd = fopen(splashPath, "rb");
            if (splashFd) {
                // Worked. Read header:

                // Check for valid "P6" magic of PPM file:
                dummychar = fgets(splashPath, sizeof(splashPath), splashFd);
                splash_image.bytes_per_pixel = (strstr(splashPath, "P6")) ? 1 : 0;
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 5) printf("PTB-DEBUG: PPM file magic is %s -> %s\n", splashPath, (splash_image.bytes_per_pixel) ? "Ok" : "Rejected");

                // Skip comment lines...
                while (fgets(splashPath, sizeof(splashPath), splashFd) && strstr(splashPath, "#")) if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 5) {
                    printf("%s", splashPath);
                }

                // Check for valid header:
                if ((splash_image.bytes_per_pixel) && (2 == sscanf(splashPath, "%i %i", &splash_image.width, &splash_image.height)) &&
                    (1 == fscanf(splashFd, "%i", &splash_image.bytes_per_pixel)) &&
                    (splash_image.width > 0 && splash_image.width <= 1280) && (splash_image.height > 0 && splash_image.height <= 1024) &&
                    (splash_image.bytes_per_pixel == 255)) {

                    // Header for a PPM file read, detected and valid. Image dimensions within valid size range up to 1024 x 768, 8 bpc, 24 bpp.
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 5) {
                        printf("PTB-DEBUG: Recognized splash image of %i x %i pixels, maxlevel %i. Loading...\n", splash_image.width, splash_image.height, splash_image.bytes_per_pixel);
                    }

                    // Allocate image buffer:
                    splash_image.bytes_per_pixel = 0;
                    if ((splash_image.pixel_data = (unsigned char*) malloc(splash_image.width * splash_image.height * 3)) != NULL) {
                        // Allocated. Read content:

                        // Skip one byte:
                        i = (int) fread(splash_image.pixel_data, 1, 1, splashFd);

                        if (fread(splash_image.pixel_data, splash_image.width * splash_image.height * 3, 1, splashFd) == 1) {
                            // Success! Mark loaded splash image as "valid" and set its format:
                            splash_image.bytes_per_pixel = GL_RGB;
                        }
                        else {
                            // Read failed. Revert to default splash:
                            free(splash_image.pixel_data);
                            splash_image.pixel_data = NULL;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else {
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 5) {
                        printf("PTB-DEBUG: Splash image rejected: %s, %i x %i maxlevel %i. Fallback...\n", splashPath, splash_image.width, splash_image.height, splash_image.bytes_per_pixel);
                    }
                    splash_image.bytes_per_pixel = 0;
                }

                fclose(splashFd);
            }
            else {
                // Failed: We don't care why.
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 5) printf("PTB-DEBUG: Failed to read splash image from %s [%s].\n", splashPath, strerror(errno));
                errno = 0;
            }
        }
        // End of splash image one-time setup per session.
    }

    // Need to use fallback hard-coded splash image?
    if (splash_image.bytes_per_pixel != GL_RGB) {
        // No splash image loaded. Use our old hard-coded "Welcome" splash:
        splash_image.width = gimp_image.width;
        splash_image.height = gimp_image.height;
        splash_image.pixel_data = (unsigned char*) &(gimp_image.pixel_data[0]);
        splash_image.bytes_per_pixel = GL_RGBA;
    }
    else if (strlen(PsychRuntimeGetPsychtoolboxRoot(TRUE)) > 0) {
        // Splash image ready. Check if the splash image should be shown for
        // longer because a Psychtoolbox update/installation was just performed
        // and this is the first invocation of Screen() since then.
        sprintf(splashPath, "%sscreen_buildnr_%i", PsychRuntimeGetPsychtoolboxRoot(TRUE), PsychGetBuildNumber());

        // Does the marker file for this Screen build already exist?
        splashFd = fopen(splashPath, "r");
        if (NULL == splashFd) {
            // No: This is the first invocation since this Screen() mex file
            // was build/installed. Create the empty marker file:
            splashFd = fopen(splashPath, "w");

            // Ok, first invocation after installation or update. Increase
            // presentation duration of our splash startup screen so users
            // are nudged to at least once notice what is displayed there:

            // Set splash image display duration to at least 10 seconds, unless our
            // special joker is used:
            if (NULL == getenv("PTB_SKIPSPLASH")) splashMinDurationSecs = 10.0;
        }

        // Close marker file in any case:
        if (splashFd) fclose(splashFd);
        errno = 0;
    }

    // Retrieve real number of samples/pixel for multisampling:
    (*windowRecord)->multiSample = 0;
    while(glGetError()!=GL_NO_ERROR);
    glGetIntegerv(GL_SAMPLES_ARB, (GLint*) &((*windowRecord)->multiSample));
    while(glGetError()!=GL_NO_ERROR);

    // Retrieve display handle for beamposition queries:
    PsychGetCGDisplayIDFromScreenNumber(&cgDisplayID, screenSettings->screenNumber);

    // VBL startline not yet assigned by PsychOSOpenOnscreenWindow()?
    if ((*windowRecord)->VBL_Startline == 0) {
        // Not yet assigned: Retrieve final vbl_startline, aka physical height of the display in pixels:
        PsychGetScreenSize(screenSettings->screenNumber, &dummy_width, &vbl_startline);
        (*windowRecord)->VBL_Startline = (int) vbl_startline;
    }
    else {
        // Already assigned: Get it for our consumption:
        vbl_startline = (*windowRecord)->VBL_Startline;
    }

    // Associated screens id and depth:
    (*windowRecord)->screenNumber=screenSettings->screenNumber;

    // MK: Assign stereomode: 0 == monoscopic (default) window. >0 Stereo output window, where
    // the number specifies the type of stereo-algorithm used. Currently value 1 is
    // supported, which means: Output via OpenGL built-in stereo facilities. This can drive
    // all Stereo display devices that are supported by MacOS-X, e.g., the "Crystal Space"
    // Liquid crystal eye shutter glasses.
    // We also support value 2 and 3, which means "compressed" stereo: Only one framebuffer is used,
    // the left-eyes image is placed in the top half of the framebuffer, the right-eyes image is
    // placed int the bottom half of the buffer. One looses half of the vertical image resolution,
    // but both views are encoded in one video frame and can be decoded by external stereo-hardware,
    // e.g., the one available from CrystalEyes, this allows for potentially faster refresh.
    // Mode 4/5 is implemented by simple manipulations to the glViewPort...
    (*windowRecord)->stereomode = stereomode;

    // Setup timestamps and pipeline state for 'Flip' and 'DrawingFinished' commands of Screen:
    (*windowRecord)->time_at_last_vbl = 0;
    (*windowRecord)->PipelineFlushDone = false;
    (*windowRecord)->backBufferBackupDone = false;
    (*windowRecord)->nr_missed_deadlines = 0;
    (*windowRecord)->flipCount = 0;
    (*windowRecord)->IFIRunningSum = 0;
    (*windowRecord)->nrIFISamples = 0;
    (*windowRecord)->VBL_Endline = -1;

    // Set the textureOrientation of onscreen windows to 2 aka "Normal, upright, non-transposed".
    // Textures of onscreen windows are created on demand as backup of the content of the onscreen
    // windows framebuffer. This happens in PsychSetDrawingTarget() if a switch from onscreen to
    // offscreen drawing target happens and the slow-path is used due to lack of Framebuffer-objects.
    // See code in PsychDrawingTarget()...
    (*windowRecord)->textureOrientation=2;

    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 3) {
        printf("\n\nOpenGL-Vendor / renderer / version are: %s - %s - %s\n", (char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), (char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), (char*) glGetString(GL_VERSION));
        printf("\n\nOpenGL-Extensions are: %s\n\n", (char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS));
    }

    // Perform a full safe reset of the framebuffer-object switching code:
    PsychSetDrawingTarget((PsychWindowRecordType*) 0x1);

    // Enable this windowRecords OpenGL context and framebuffer as current drawingtarget. This will also setup
    // the projection and modelview matrices, viewports and such to proper values:
    PsychSetDrawingTarget(*windowRecord);

    // Activate syncing to onset of vertical retrace (VBL) for double-buffered windows:
    if (numBuffers > 1) PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(*windowRecord, 1);

    // Perform generic inquiry for interesting renderer capabilities and limitations/quirks
    // and setup the proper status bits for the windowRecord:
    PsychDetectAndAssignGfxCapabilities(*windowRecord);

    // Get final synctest setting after GPU caps detection:
    skip_synctests = PsychPrefStateGet_SkipSyncTests();

    // If this is a windowed onscreen window, be lenient with synctests. Make sure they never fail,
    // because miserable timing is expected in windowed mode. However, if we are running under a
    // Wayland server with properly working presentation_feedback extension, then presentation timing
    // and timestamping will likely be just as good in windowed mode as in fullscreen mode, at least
    // for the most common Wayland display backends, so we don't need special lenience in that case:
    if (!((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychIsFullscreenWindow) && (skip_synctests < 1) &&
        (((*windowRecord)->winsysType != WAFFLE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND) || ((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective))) {
        skip_synctests = 1;
    }

#if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX
    CGLRendererInfoObj  rendererInfo;
    CGOpenGLDisplayMask displayMask;
    CGLError            error;

    displayMask=CGDisplayIDToOpenGLDisplayMask(cgDisplayID);

    GLint numRenderers;
    error= CGLQueryRendererInfo(displayMask, &rendererInfo, &numRenderers);
    if(numRenderers>1) numRenderers=1;
    for(i=0;i<numRenderers;i++) {
        CGLDescribeRenderer(rendererInfo, i, kCGLRPVideoMemoryMegabytes, &VRAMTotal);
        CGLDescribeRenderer(rendererInfo, i, kCGLRPTextureMemoryMegabytes, &TexmemTotal);
    }
    CGLDestroyRendererInfo(rendererInfo);

    // Are we running a multi-display setup? Then some tests and words of wisdom for the user are important
    // to reduce the traffic on the Psychtoolbox-Forum ;-)

    // Query number of physically connected and switched on displays...
    CGDisplayCount totaldisplaycount=0;
    CGGetOnlineDisplayList(0, NULL, &totaldisplaycount);

    if ((PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 3) && ((*windowRecord)->windowIndex == PSYCH_FIRST_WINDOW)) {
        psych_bool multidisplay = (totaldisplaycount>1) ? true : false;
        if (multidisplay) {
            printf("\n\nPTB-INFO: You are using a multi-display setup (%i active displays):\n", totaldisplaycount);
            printf("PTB-INFO: Please read 'help MultiDisplaySetups' for specific information on the Do's, Dont's,\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: and possible causes of trouble and how to diagnose and resolve them.\n\n");
        }
    }
#endif

    // If we are in stereo mode 4 or 5 (free-fusion, cross-fusion, desktop-spanning stereo),
    // we need to enable Scissor tests to restrict drawing and buffer clear operations to
    // the currently set glScissor() rectangle (which is identical to the glViewport).
    if (stereomode == 4 || stereomode == 5) glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);

    if (numBuffers<2) {
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>1){
            // Setup for single-buffer mode is finished!
            printf("\n\nPTB-WARNING: You are using a *single-buffered* window. This is *strongly discouraged* unless you\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: *really* know what you're doing! Stimulus presentation timing and all reported timestamps\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: will be inaccurate or wrong and synchronization to the vertical retrace will not work.\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: Please use *double-buffered* windows when doing anything else than debugging the PTB.\n\n");
            // Flash our visual warning bell:
            if (ringTheBell<2) ringTheBell=2;
            if (ringTheBell>=0) PsychVisualBell((*windowRecord), 4, ringTheBell);
            //mark the contents of the window record as valid.  Between the time it is created (always with PsychCreateWindowRecord) and when it is marked valid
            //(with PsychSetWindowRecordValid) it is a potential victim of PsychPurgeInvalidWindows.
        }
        PsychSetWindowRecordValid(*windowRecord);
        return(TRUE);
    }

    // Everything below this line is only for double-buffered contexts!

    // Setup of initial interframe-interval by multiple methods, for comparison:

    // First we query what the OS thinks is our monitor refresh interval:
    if (PsychGetNominalFramerate(screenSettings->screenNumber) > 0) {
        // Valid nominal framerate returned by OS: Calculate nominal IFI from it.
        ifi_nominal = 1.0 / ((double) PsychGetNominalFramerate(screenSettings->screenNumber));
    }

    // Make sure the lockedflush workaround is applied before we first touch
    // the framebuffer of this brand new onscreen window for real via the
    // glClear() call sequence below. The assumption is that the first access
    // to the drawable will also trigger a X11 roundtrip for fb validation:
    PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);

    // This is pure eye-candy: We clear both framebuffers to a background color,
    // just to get rid of the junk that's in the framebuffers.
    // If visual debuglevel < 4 then we clear to black background.
    if (visual_debuglevel >= 4) {
        glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);

        // Splash image loaded?
        if (splash_image.bytes_per_pixel == GL_RGB) {
            // Yes: Adapt clear color to color of top-left splash pixel,
            // so colors match:
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 5) printf("PTB-DEBUG: glClear splash image top-left reference pixel: %i %i %i\n", splash_image.pixel_data[0],splash_image.pixel_data[1],splash_image.pixel_data[2]);
            glClearColor((GLclampf) (((float) splash_image.pixel_data[0]) / 255.0), (GLclampf) (((float) splash_image.pixel_data[1]) / 255.0), (GLclampf) (((float) splash_image.pixel_data[2]) / 255.0), 1.0);
        }
        else {
            // No: Clear to white to prepare drawing of our default hard-coded logo:
            glClearColor(1,1,1,1);
        }
    }
    else {
        // Clear to black:
        glClearColor(0,0,0,1);
    }

    // Use classic code path for classic OpenGL, unless we are on the Raspberry Pi's VideoCore-4
    // gpu, where this path is so slow it would cause sync-failure and other cascading trouble,
    // or on OSX where we suspect Apple might have screwed up the glDrawPixels command we use in
    // the classic path:
    if (PsychIsGLClassic(*windowRecord) && !strstr((*windowRecord)->gpuCoreId, "VC4") && (PSYCH_SYSTEM != PSYCH_OSX)) {
        double tDummy;

        // Classic OpenGL-1/2 splash image drawing code:
        glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK_LEFT);

        // Draw and swapbuffers the startup screen 3 times, so everything works with single-/double-/triple-buffered framebuffer setups:
        PsychDrawSplash(*windowRecord);
        PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(*windowRecord);

        // PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp can help the Intel ddx under DRI2+SNA to
        // misbehave less if triple-buffering is enabled. It becomes almost useful
        // if we accomodate its current quirks:
        PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(*windowRecord, 0, &tDummy);

        // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);

        PsychDrawSplash(*windowRecord);
        PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(*windowRecord);
        PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(*windowRecord, 0, &tDummy);
        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);

        PsychDrawSplash(*windowRecord);
        PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(*windowRecord);
        PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(*windowRecord, 0, &tDummy);
        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);

        // We do it again for right backbuffer to clear possible stereo-contexts as well...
        if (((*windowRecord)->stereomode == kPsychOpenGLStereo) && ((*windowRecord)->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapNativeStereo)) {
            glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK_RIGHT);

            PsychDrawSplash(*windowRecord);
            PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(*windowRecord);
            PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(*windowRecord, 0, &tDummy);
            PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);

            PsychDrawSplash(*windowRecord);
            PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(*windowRecord);
            PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(*windowRecord, 0, &tDummy);
            PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);

            PsychDrawSplash(*windowRecord);
            PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(*windowRecord);
            PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(*windowRecord, 0, &tDummy);
            PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);
        }

        glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
    }
    else {
        // Non-classic (OpenGL-3/4 and OpenGL-ES) splash screen display code:
        double tDummy;
        PsychWindowRecordType *textureRecord;
        PsychCreateWindowRecord(&textureRecord);
        textureRecord->windowType = kPsychTexture;
        textureRecord->screenNumber = (*windowRecord)->screenNumber;

        // Assign parent window and copy its inheritable properties:
        PsychAssignParentWindow(textureRecord, *windowRecord);

        // Mark it valid and return handle to userspace:
        PsychSetWindowRecordValid(textureRecord);

        // Ok, setup texture record for RGB8 texture:
        textureRecord->depth = 3 * 8;
        textureRecord->nrchannels = 3;
        PsychMakeRect(textureRecord->rect, 0, 0, splash_image.width, splash_image.height);

        // Orientation is 3 - like an upside down Offscreen window texture.
        textureRecord->textureOrientation = 3;

        // Setting memsize to zero prevents unwanted free() operation in PsychDeleteTexture...
        textureRecord->textureMemorySizeBytes = 0;

        // Assign pointer to pixeldata:
        textureRecord->textureMemory = (GLuint*) &splash_image.pixel_data[0];

        // Let PsychCreateTexture() do the rest of the job of creating, setting up and
        // filling an OpenGL texture with memory buffers image content:
        PsychCreateTexture(textureRecord);

        // Compute logo_x and logo_y x,y offset for drawing the startup logo:
        logo_x = ((int) PsychGetWidthFromRect((*windowRecord)->rect) - (int) splash_image.width) / 2;
        logo_x = (logo_x > 0) ? logo_x : 0;
        logo_y = ((int) PsychGetHeightFromRect((*windowRecord)->rect) - (int) splash_image.height) / 2;
        logo_y = (logo_y > 0) ? logo_y : 0;

        // Client rect of a texture is always == rect of it, but here we abuse it as
        // target rect:
        PsychCopyRect(textureRecord->clientrect, textureRecord->rect);
        textureRecord->clientrect[kPsychLeft]   += logo_x;
        textureRecord->clientrect[kPsychRight]  += logo_x;
        textureRecord->clientrect[kPsychTop]    += logo_y;
        textureRecord->clientrect[kPsychBottom] += logo_y;

        // Clear framebuffer and (optionally, usually) blit texture with splash-image three times with
        // intermediate bufferswap, to make sure we get a well defined image even on a triple-buffered
        // setup:
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        if (visual_debuglevel >= 4) PsychBlitTextureToDisplay(textureRecord, *windowRecord, textureRecord->rect, textureRecord->clientrect, 0, 1, 1);
        PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(*windowRecord);
        PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(*windowRecord, 0, &tDummy);

        // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);

        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        if (visual_debuglevel >= 4) PsychBlitTextureToDisplay(textureRecord, *windowRecord, textureRecord->rect, textureRecord->clientrect, 0, 1, 1);
        PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(*windowRecord);
        PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(*windowRecord, 0, &tDummy);

        // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);

        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        if (visual_debuglevel >= 4) PsychBlitTextureToDisplay(textureRecord, *windowRecord, textureRecord->rect, textureRecord->clientrect, 0, 1, 1);
        PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(*windowRecord);
        PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(*windowRecord, 0, &tDummy);

        // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(*windowRecord);

        // Done. Delete splash-image texture:
        PsychFreeTextureForWindowRecord(textureRecord);
        FreeWindowRecordFromPntr(textureRecord);
        textureRecord = NULL;
    }

    // Make sure that the gfx-pipeline has settled to a stable state...
    glFinish();

    // Invalidate all corrective offsets for beamposition queries on the screen
    // associated with this window:
    PsychSetBeamposCorrection((*windowRecord)->screenNumber, 0, 0);

    // Complete skip of sync tests and all calibrations requested?
    // This should be only done if Psychtoolbox is not used as psychophysics
    // toolbox, but simply as a windowing/drawing toolkit for OpenGL in Matlab/Octave.
    if (skip_synctests < 2) {
        // Normal calibration and at least some sync testing requested:
        if(PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4) {
            printf("PTB-INFO: Threshold Settings for successfull video refresh calibration are: maxStdDev = %f msecs, maxDeviation = %f %%, minSamples = %i, maxDuration = %f secs.\n",
                   (float) maxStddev * 1000.0, (float) maxDeviation * 100.0, minSamples, (float) maxDuration);
        }

        // First we try if PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition works and try to estimate monitor refresh from it:

        // Check if a beamposition of 0 is returned at two points in time on OS-X:
        i = 0;
        if (((int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, (*windowRecord)->screenNumber) == 0) && (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX)) {
            // Recheck after 2 ms on OS-X:
            PsychWaitIntervalSeconds(0.002);
            if ((int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, (*windowRecord)->screenNumber) == 0) {
                // A constant value of zero is reported on OS-X -> Beam position queries unsupported
                // on this combo of gfx-driver and hardware :(
                i=12345;
            }
        }

        // Check if a beamposition of -1 is returned: This would indicate that beamposition queries
        // are not available on this system:
        if ((-1 != ((int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, (*windowRecord)->screenNumber))) && (i!=12345)) {
            // Switch to RT scheduling for timing tests:
            PsychRealtimePriority(true);

            // Code for estimating the final scanline of the vertical blank interval of display (needed by Screen('Flip')):

            // Check if PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition is working properly:
            // The first test checks, if it returns changing values at all or if it returns a constant
            // value at two measurements 2 ms apart...
            i=(int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, (*windowRecord)->screenNumber);
            PsychWaitIntervalSeconds(0.002);
            if ((((int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, (*windowRecord)->screenNumber)) == i) || (i < -1)) {
                // PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition returns the same value at two different points in time?!?
                // That's impossible on anything else than a high-precision 500 Hz display!
                // --> PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition is not working correctly for some reason.
                sync_trouble = true;
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>1) {
                    if (i >=-1) {
                        printf("\nPTB-WARNING: Querying rasterbeam-position doesn't work on your setup! (Returns a constant value %i)\n", i);
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: This can happen if Psychtoolbox gets the mapping of connected displays to graphics card\n");
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: outputs wrong. See 'help DisplayOutputMappings' for tips on how to resolve this problem.\n");
                    }

                    if (i < -1) printf("\nPTB-WARNING: Querying rasterbeam-position doesn't work on your setup! (Returns a negative value %i)\n", i);

                    if ((PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode() == 4) && !((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective)) {
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: However, this probably doesn't really matter on your setup for most purposes, as i can use OpenML\n");
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: timestamping instead, which is even more precise. Only few applications need beampos queries in this case.\n");
                    }
                    printf("\n");
                }
            }
            else {
                // PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition works: Use it to find VBL-Endline...
                // Sample over 50 monitor refresh frames:
                double told, tnew;
                for (i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
                    // Take beam position samples from current monitor refresh interval:
                    maxline = -1;
                    // We spin-wait until retrace and record our highest measurement:
                    while ((bp = (int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, (*windowRecord)->screenNumber)) >= maxline) {
                        maxline=bp;
                    }

                    // We also take timestamps for "yet another way" to measure monitor refresh interval...
                    PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tnew);
                    if (i > 0) {
                        tsum+=(tnew - told);
                        tcount+=1;
                    }
                    told=tnew;

                    // Another (in)sanity check. Negative values immediately after retrace?
                    if ((int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, (*windowRecord)->screenNumber) < 0) {
                        // Driver bug! Abort this...
                        VBL_Endline = -1;
                        tnew = -1;

                        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>1) printf("WARNING: Measured a negative beam position value after VBL onset!?! Broken display driver!!\n");

                        // Break out of measurement loop:
                        break;
                    }

                    // Update global maximum with current sample:
                    if (maxline > VBL_Endline) VBL_Endline = maxline;
                }

                // Setup reasonable timestamp for time of last vbl in emulation mode:
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_EmulateOldPTB()) (*windowRecord)->time_at_last_vbl = tnew;
            }

            // Switch to previous scheduling mode after timing tests:
            PsychRealtimePriority(false);

            // Override setting for VBL endline provided by usercode?
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_VBLEndlineOverride() >= 0) {
                // Yes. Assign it:
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>1) {
                    printf("PTB-WARNING: Usercode provided an override setting for the total height of the display in scanlines (aka VTOTAL)\n");
                    printf("PTB-WARNING: via explicit use of the Screen('Preference', 'VBLEndlineOverride', ...); command.\n");
                    printf("PTB-WARNING: Auto-detected old value was %i. New value from override which will be used for all timing: %i.\n", VBL_Endline, PsychPrefStateGet_VBLEndlineOverride());
                    printf("PTB-WARNING: This is ok for working around graphics driver bugs, but make sure you don't apply this accidentally\n");
                    printf("PTB-WARNING: without knowing what you're doing or why!\n\n");
                }

                VBL_Endline = PsychPrefStateGet_VBLEndlineOverride();
            }

            // Is the VBL endline >= VBL startline - 1, aka screen height?
            // Or is it outside a reasonable interval around vbl_startline or 2 * vbl_startline?
            if ((VBL_Endline < (int) vbl_startline - 1) ||
                ((VBL_Endline > vbl_startline * PsychPrefStateGet_VBLEndlineMaxFactor()) && ((VBL_Endline > vbl_startline * 2.25) || (VBL_Endline < vbl_startline * 2.0)))) {
                // Completely bogus VBL_Endline detected! Warn the user and mark VBL_Endline
                // as invalid so it doesn't get used anywhere:
                if (!sync_trouble && PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>1) {
                    printf("\nPTB-WARNING: Couldn't determine end-line of vertical blanking interval for your display! Trouble with beamposition queries?!?\n");
                    printf("PTB-WARNING: Detected end-line is %i, which is either lower or more than %f times higher than vbl startline %i --> Out of sane range!\n", VBL_Endline, PsychPrefStateGet_VBLEndlineMaxFactor(), vbl_startline);
                }
                sync_trouble = true;
                ifi_beamestimate = 0;
            }
            else {
                // Check if VBL_Endline is greater than 2 * vbl_startline. This would indicate the backend is running in
                // a double-scan videomode and we need to adapt our vbl_startline to be twice the framebuffer height:
                // Note: This should hopefully also take care of Apple's brain-dead pixel-doubling mode on MBP's with Retina-Display,
                // where the backend is running with 1800 lines vertical resolution, but the framebuffer frontend only with
                // 900 lines effective resolution ("Best for Retina" LOFL...).
                if ((VBL_Endline >= vbl_startline * 2) && (VBL_Endline < vbl_startline * 2.25)) {
                    vbl_startline = vbl_startline * 2;
                    (*windowRecord)->VBL_Startline = vbl_startline;

                    // OSX doesn't support double-scan modes by default, but a Retina display in scaled mode ("Best for Retina")
                    // would also lead to this point. Let's assume its non-native res Retina. We don't know if our timestamps make
                    // sense on such a display: Actual presentation timing might be decoupled from what we think by implicit triple-
                    // buffering caused by some gpu-based panel scaling, unless the used gpu's panel-fitter has some special circuitry
                    // to do it on the fly - which i doubt. No way to find out without photo-diode measurements etc., so better tell user
                    // about potential trouble:
                    if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1)) {
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: Seems this window is displayed on a Retina-Display in scaled mode at a non-native resolution for the display.\n");
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: Reliabiliy of visual stimulus onset timing in such a scaled mode is so far unknown, but may be severely degraded.\n");
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: Stimulus onset timing and returned timestamps may be wrong, with no way for me to automatically detect this.\n");
                    }

                    // Tell about double-scan video mode:
                    if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM != PSYCH_OSX) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2)) printf("PTB-INFO: Double-Scan video mode detected as active on display for this window.\n");
                }

                // Compute ifi from beampos:
                ifi_beamestimate = tsum / tcount;

                // Some GPU + driver combos need corrective offsets for beamposition reporting.
                // Following cases exist:
                // a) If the OS native beamposition query mechanism is used, we don't do correction.
                //    Although quite a few native implementations would need correction due to driver
                //    bugs, we don't (and can't) know the correct corrective values, so we can't do
                //    anything. Also we don't know which GPU + OS combos need correction and which not,
                //    so better play safe and don't correct.
                //    On OS/X the low-level code doesn't use the corrections, so nothing to do to handle
                //    case a) on OS/X. On Windows, the low-level code uses corrections if available,
                //    so we need to explicitely refrain from setting correction if we're on Windows.
                //    On Linux case a) doesn't exist.
                //
                // b) If our own mechanism is used (PsychtoolboxKernelDriver on OS/X and Linux), we
                //    do need this high-level correction for NVidia GPU's, but not for ATI/AMD GPU's,
                //    as the low-level driver code for ATI/AMD already applies proper corrections.

                // Only consider correction on non-Windows systems for now. We don't have any means to
                // find proper corrective values on Windows and we don't know if they are needed or if
                // drivers already do the right thing(tm) - Although testing suggests some are broken,
                // but no way for us to find out:
                if (PSYCH_SYSTEM != PSYCH_WINDOWS) {
                    // Only setup correction for NVidia GPU's. Low level code will pickup these
                    // corrections only if our own homegrown beampos query mechanism is used.
                    // Additionally the PTB kernel driver must be available.
                    // We don't setup for ATI/AMD as our low-level code already performs correct correction.
                    // We also setup for Intel.
                    if ((strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "NVIDIA") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "nouveau") ||
                        strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "NVIDIA") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "nouveau") ||
                        strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "INTEL") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "Intel") ||
                        strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "INTEL") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "Intel")) &&
                        PsychOSIsKernelDriverAvailable((*windowRecord)->screenNumber)) {

                        // Yep. Looks like we need to apply correction.

                        // We ask the function to auto-detect proper values from GPU hardware and revert to safe (0,0) on failure:
                        PsychSetBeamposCorrection((*windowRecord)->screenNumber, (int) 0xffffffff, (int) 0xffffffff);
                    }
                }

                // Check if vbl startline equals measured vbl endline. That is an indication that
                // the busywait in vbl beamposition workaround is needed to keep beampos queries working
                // well. We don't do this on Windows, where it would be a tad bit too late here...
                if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM != PSYCH_WINDOWS) && (vbl_startline >= VBL_Endline)) {
                    // Yup, problem. Enable the workaround:
                    PsychPrefStateSet_ConserveVRAM(PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() | kPsychUseBeampositionQueryWorkaround);

                    // Tell user:
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) {
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Implausible measured vblank endline %i indicates that the beamposition query workaround should be used for your GPU.\n", VBL_Endline);
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Enabling the beamposition workaround, as explained in 'help ConserveVRAMSettings', section 'kPsychUseBeampositionQueryWorkaround'.\n");
                    }
                }

                // Query beampos offset correction for its opinion on vtotal. If it has a valid and
                // one, we set VBL_Endline to vtotal - 1, as this should be the case by definition.
                // We skip this override if both, measured and gpu detected endlines are the same.
                // This way we can also auto-fix issues where bugs in the properietary drivers cause
                // our VBL_Endline detection to falsely detect/report (vbl_startline >= VBL_Endline).
                // This way, at least on NVidia GPU's with the PTB kernel driver loaded, we can auto-correct
                // this proprietary driver bug without need to warn the user or require user intervention:
                PsychGetBeamposCorrection((*windowRecord)->screenNumber, &vblbias, &vbltotal);
                if ((vbltotal != 0) && (vbltotal - 1 > vbl_startline) && (vbltotal - 1 != VBL_Endline)) {
                    // Plausible value for vbltotal:
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) {
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Overriding unreliable measured vblank endline %i by low-level value %i read directly from GPU.\n", VBL_Endline, vbltotal - 1);
                    }

                    // Override VBL_Endline:
                    VBL_Endline = vbltotal - 1;
                }

                // Sensible result for VBL_Endline?
                if (vbl_startline >= VBL_Endline) {
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) {
                        printf("PTB-INFO: The detected endline of the vertical blank interval is equal or lower than the startline. This indicates\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: that i couldn't detect the duration of the vertical blank interval and won't be able to correct timestamps\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: for it. This will introduce a very small and constant offset (typically << 1 msec). Read 'help BeampositionQueries'\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: for how to correct this, should you really require that last few microseconds of precision.\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Btw. this can also mean that your systems beamposition queries are slightly broken. It may help timing precision to\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: enable the beamposition workaround, as explained in 'help ConserveVRAMSettings', section 'kPsychUseBeampositionQueryWorkaround'.\n");
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            // We don't have beamposition queries on this system:
            ifi_beamestimate = 0;
            // Setup fake-timestamp for time of last vbl in emulation mode:
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_EmulateOldPTB()) PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&((*windowRecord)->time_at_last_vbl));
        }

        // End of beamposition measurements and validation.

        // We now perform an initial calibration using VBL-Syncing of OpenGL:
        // We use minSamples samples (minSamples monitor refresh intervals) and provide the ifi_nominal
        // as a hint to the measurement routine to stabilize it. If ifi_nominal is unavailable, we use
        // ifi_beamestimate as alternative ifi hint for stabilization. Having an alternative is especially
        // important on OSX which reports ifi_nominal == 0 on builtin flat panels and has often noisy timing,
        // especially since OSX 10.9 Mavericks.

        // We try 3 times a maxDuration seconds max., in case something goes wrong...
        while(ifi_estimate==0 && retry_count<3) {
            numSamples = minSamples;      // Require at least minSamples *valid* samples...
            // Require a std-deviation of maxStddev (default is less than 200 microseconds) on all systems.
            // If a non-Linux system likely has desktop composition enabled, we are more lenient and allow
            // up to 5x the maxStddev which would end up with 1 msec at default settings:
            stddev = (PsychOSIsDWMEnabled(screenSettings->screenNumber) && (PSYCH_SYSTEM != PSYCH_LINUX)) ? (5 * maxStddev) : maxStddev;
            // If skipping of sync-test is requested, we limit the calibration to 1 sec.
            maxsecs = (skip_synctests) ? 1 : maxDuration;
            retry_count++;
            ifi_estimate = PsychGetMonitorRefreshInterval(*windowRecord, &numSamples, &maxsecs, &stddev, ((ifi_nominal > 0) ? ifi_nominal : ifi_beamestimate), &did_pageflip);

            if((PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>1) && (ifi_estimate==0 && retry_count<3)) {
                printf("\nWARNING: VBL Calibration run No. %i failed. Retrying...\n", retry_count);
            }

            // Is this the 2nd failed trial?
            if ((ifi_estimate==0) && (retry_count == 2)) {
                // Yes. Before we start the 3rd and final trial, we enable manual syncing of bufferswaps
                // to retrace by setting the kPsychBusyWaitForVBLBeforeBufferSwapRequest flag for this window.
                // Our PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers() routine will spin-wait/busy-wait manually for onset of VBL
                // before emitting the double buffer swaprequest, in the hope that this will fix possible
                // sync-to-retrace driver bugs/failures and fix our calibration issue. This should allow the
                // 3rd calibration run to succeed if this is the problem:
                (*windowRecord)->specialflags |= kPsychBusyWaitForVBLBeforeBufferSwapRequest;
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) {
                    printf("WARNING: Will enable VBL busywait-workaround before trying final VBL Calibration run No. %i.\n", retry_count + 1);
                    printf("WARNING: This will hopefully work-around graphics driver bugs of the GPU sync-to-retrace mechanism. Cross your fingers!\n");
                }
            }
        }

        // Compare ifi_estimate from VBL-Sync against beam estimate. If we are in OpenGL native
        // flip-frame stereo mode, a ifi_estimate approx. 2 times the beamestimate would be valid
        // and we would correct it down to half ifi_estimate. If multiSampling is enabled, it is also
        // possible that the gfx-hw is not capable of downsampling fast enough to do it every refresh
        // interval, so we could get an ifi_estimate which is twice the real refresh, which would be valid.
        (*windowRecord)->VideoRefreshInterval = ifi_estimate;
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode == kPsychOpenGLStereo || (*windowRecord)->multiSample > 0 ||
            ((*windowRecord)->hybridGraphics == 1) || ((*windowRecord)->hybridGraphics == 3) || ((*windowRecord)->hybridGraphics == 4)) {
            // Flip frame stereo or multiSampling enabled, or some hybrid graphics laptop? Check for ifi_estimate = 2 * ifi_beamestimate:
            if ((ifi_beamestimate>0 && ifi_estimate >= (1 - maxDeviation) * 2 * ifi_beamestimate && ifi_estimate <= (1 + maxDeviation) * 2 * ifi_beamestimate) ||
                (ifi_beamestimate==0 && ifi_nominal>0 && ifi_estimate >= (1 - maxDeviation) * 2 * ifi_nominal && ifi_estimate <= (1 + maxDeviation) * 2 * ifi_nominal)) {
                // This seems to be a valid result: Flip-interval is roughly twice the monitor refresh interval.
                // We "force" ifi_estimate = 0.5 * ifi_estimate, so ifi_estimate roughly equals to ifi_nominal and
                // ifi_beamestimate, in order to simplify all timing checks below. We also store this value as
                // video refresh interval...
                ifi_estimate = ifi_estimate * 0.5f;
                (*windowRecord)->IFIRunningSum /= 2.0;
                (*windowRecord)->VideoRefreshInterval = ifi_estimate;
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>2) {
                    if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode == kPsychOpenGLStereo) {
                        printf("\nPTB-INFO: The timing granularity of stimulus onset/offset via Screen('Flip') is twice as long\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: as the refresh interval of your monitor when using OpenGL flip-frame stereo on your setup.\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Please keep this in mind, otherwise you'll be confused about your timing.\n");
                    }

                    if ((*windowRecord)->multiSample > 0) {
                        printf("\nPTB-INFO: The timing granularity of stimulus onset/offset via Screen('Flip') is twice as long\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: as the refresh interval of your monitor when using Anti-Aliasing at multiSample=%i on your setup.\n", (*windowRecord)->multiSample);
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Please keep this in mind, otherwise you'll be confused about your timing.\n");
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    } // End of display calibration part I of synctests.
    else {
        // Complete skip of calibration and synctests: Mark all calibrations as invalid:
        ifi_beamestimate = 0;
    }

    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) {
        printf("\n\nPTB-INFO: OpenGL-Renderer is %s :: %s :: %s\n", (char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), (char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), (char*) glGetString(GL_VERSION));
        if (VRAMTotal > 0) printf("PTB-INFO: Renderer has %li MB of VRAM and a maximum %li MB of texture memory.\n", VRAMTotal, TexmemTotal);
        printf("PTB-INFO: VBL startline = %i , VBL Endline = %i\n", (int) vbl_startline, VBL_Endline);

        if (ifi_beamestimate > 0) {
            printf("PTB-INFO: Measured monitor refresh interval from beamposition = %f ms [%f Hz].\n", ifi_beamestimate * 1000, 1/ifi_beamestimate);

            if ((PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode()==4) && !((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective)) {
                printf("PTB-INFO: Will try to use OS-Builtin %s for accurate Flip timestamping.\n",
                       ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && ((*windowRecord)->winsysType != WAFFLE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND)) ? "OpenML sync control support" : "method");
            }
            else if ((PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode()==3) && (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX || ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && !((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective)))) {
                printf("PTB-INFO: Will try to use kernel-level interrupts for accurate Flip time stamping.\n");
            }
            else {
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode()>=0) {
                    printf("PTB-INFO: Will use beamposition query for accurate Flip time stamping.\n");
                }
                else {
                    printf("PTB-INFO: Beamposition queries are supported, but disabled. Using basic timestamping as fallback:\n");
                    printf("PTB-INFO: Timestamps returned by Screen('Flip') will be therefore less robust and accurate.\n");
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            if ((PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode()==4) && !((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective)) {
                if ((*windowRecord)->hybridGraphics == 3 || (*windowRecord)->hybridGraphics == 4)
                    printf("PTB-INFO: Will try to use PRIME custom modesetting-ddx protocol for accurate Flip timestamping.\n");
                else
                    printf("PTB-INFO: Will try to use OS-Builtin %s for accurate Flip timestamping.\n",
                           ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && ((*windowRecord)->winsysType != WAFFLE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND)) ? "OpenML sync control support" : "method");
            }
            else if ((PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode()==1 || PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode()==3) &&
                     (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX || ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && !((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective)))) {
                if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX || PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) {
                    printf("PTB-INFO: Beamposition queries unsupported on this system. Will try to use kernel-level vbl interrupts as fallback.\n");
                }
            }
            else {
                printf("PTB-INFO: Beamposition queries unsupported or defective on this system. Using basic timestamping as fallback.\n");
                printf("PTB-INFO: Timestamps returned by Screen('Flip') will be therefore less robust and accurate.\n");
            }
        }

        printf("PTB-INFO: Measured monitor refresh interval from VBLsync = %f ms [%f Hz]. (%i valid samples taken, stddev=%f ms.)\n",
               ifi_estimate * 1000, 1/ifi_estimate, numSamples, stddev*1000);

        if (ifi_nominal > 0) printf("PTB-INFO: Reported monitor refresh interval from operating system = %f ms [%f Hz].\n", ifi_nominal * 1000, 1/ifi_nominal);
        printf("PTB-INFO: Small deviations between reported values are normal and no reason to worry.\n");

        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychOpenGLStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via OpenGL built-in frame-sequential stereo requested.\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychCompressedTLBRStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via vertical image compression enabled (Top=LeftEye, Bot.=RightEye).\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychCompressedTRBLStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via vertical image compression enabled (Top=RightEye, Bot.=LeftEye).\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychFreeFusionStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo for free fusion or dual-display desktop spanning enabled (2-in-1 stereo).\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychFreeCrossFusionStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo via free cross-fusion enabled (2-in-1 stereo).\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychAnaglyphRGStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via Anaglyph Red-Green stereo enabled.\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychAnaglyphGRStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via Anaglyph Green-Red stereo enabled.\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychAnaglyphRBStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via Anaglyph Red-Blue stereo enabled.\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychAnaglyphBRStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via Anaglyph Blue-Red stereo enabled.\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychDualWindowStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via dual window output with imaging pipeline enabled.\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychFrameSequentialStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via non-native frame-sequential stereo method enabled.\n");
        if ((*windowRecord)->stereomode==kPsychDualStreamStereo) printf("PTB-INFO: Stereo display via dual-stream stereo for special consumers with imaging pipeline enabled.\n");
        if ((PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychDontCacheTextures) && (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_APPLE_client_storage")==NULL)) {
            // User wants us to use client storage, but client storage is unavailable :(
            printf("PTB-WARNING: You asked me for reducing VRAM consumption but for this, your graphics hardware would need\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: to support the GL_APPLE_client_storage extension, which it doesn't! Sorry... :(\n");
        }

        if (PsychPrefStateGet_3DGfx() > 0) printf("PTB-INFO: Support for OpenGL 3D graphics rendering enabled: depth-buffer and stencil buffer attached.\n");
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_3DGfx() & 2) printf("PTB-INFO: Additional accumulation buffer for OpenGL 3D graphics rendering attached.\n");

        if (multiSample > 0) {
            if ((*windowRecord)->multiSample >= multiSample) {
                printf("PTB-INFO: Anti-Aliasing with %i samples per pixel enabled.\n", (*windowRecord)->multiSample);
            }
            if ((*windowRecord)->multiSample < multiSample && (*windowRecord)->multiSample>0) {
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Anti-Aliasing with %i samples per pixel enabled. Requested value of %i not supported by hardware.\n",
                       (*windowRecord)->multiSample, multiSample);
            }
            if ((*windowRecord)->multiSample <= 0) {
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Could not enable Anti-Aliasing as requested. Your hardware does not support this feature!\n");
            }
        }
        else {
            // Multisampling enabled by external code, e.g., operating system override on M$-Windows?
            // We require at least 2 samples for concluding it is erroneously enabled, instead of at least
            // 1 sample. Why? Because most Intel graphics drivers on MS-Windows have a bug where they report
            // number of samples == 1 even if multisampling is disabled, therefore causing false alarms/clutter.
            // Let's declutter this a bit by being more lenient:
            if ((*windowRecord)->multiSample > 1) {
                // Report this, so user is aware of possible issues reg. performance and stimulus properties:
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Anti-Aliasing with %i samples per pixel enabled, contrary to Psychtoolboxs request\n", (*windowRecord)->multiSample);
                printf("PTB-WARNING: for non Anti-Aliased drawing! This will reduce drawing performance and will affect\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: low-level properties of your visual stimuli! Check your display settings for a way\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: to disable this behaviour if you don't like it. I will try to forcefully disable it now,\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: but have no way to check if disabling it worked.\n");
            }
        }
    }

    // Final master-setup for multisampling:
    if (multiSample > 1) {
        // Try to enable multisampling in software:
        while(glGetError()!=GL_NO_ERROR);
        glEnable(GL_MULTISAMPLE_ARB);
        while(glGetError()!=GL_NO_ERROR);

        // Set sampling algorithm to the most high-quality one, even if it is computationally more expensive:
        // This will only work if the NVidia GL_NV_multisample_filter_hint extension is supported...
        glHint(GL_MULTISAMPLE_FILTER_HINT_NV, GL_NICEST);
        while(glGetError()!=GL_NO_ERROR);
    }
    else {
        // Try to disable multisampling in software. That is the best we can do here:
        while(glGetError()!=GL_NO_ERROR);
        glDisable(GL_MULTISAMPLE_ARB);
        while(glGetError()!=GL_NO_ERROR);

        // Set it to zero, so remaining code can rely on zero == off:
        (*windowRecord)->multiSample = 0;
    }

    // Master override: If context isolation is disabled then we use the PTB internal context...
    if ((conserveVRAM & kPsychDisableContextIsolation) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>1)) {
        printf("PTB-WARNING: You disabled OpenGL context isolation. This will increase the probability of cross-talk between\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: Psychtoolbox and Matlab-OpenGL code. Only use this switch to work around broken graphics drivers,\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: try if a driver update would be a more sane option.\n");
    }

    // Autodetect and setup type of texture extension to use for high-perf texture mapping:
    PsychDetectTextureTarget(*windowRecord);

    // Check for desktop compositor activity on MS-Windows Vista and later:
    if ((PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) && PsychIsMSVista() && PsychOSIsDWMEnabled(0)) {
        #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS
        // Regular fullscreen onscreen window on Windows-10 or later OS'es?
        if (PsychOSIsMSWin10() && ((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychIsFullscreenWindow) && (PsychPrefStateGet_WindowShieldingLevel() >= 2000)) {
            // Yes. Initial testing suggests we might be mostly fine timing-wise despite the DWM being active, both
            // on single-display and multi-display setups. Therefore tone down the DWM warnings and just tell the user
            // to tread carefully:
            printf("PTB-INFO: ==============================================================================================================================\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: WINDOWS DWM DESKTOP COMPOSITOR IS ACTIVE. On this Windows-10 or later system, Psychtoolbox can no longer reliably detect if\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: this will cause trouble for timing and integrity of visual stimuli or not. You might be just fine, or you could be in trouble.\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: Use external measurement equipment and independent procedures to verify reliability of timing if you care about proper timing.\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: ==============================================================================================================================\n");
        }
        else {
            // DWM is active on at least one display. On a single-display setup, this means
            // it will definitely affect/interfere with our onscreen windows timing and we should
            // warn the user about likely performance and timing degradation. The same is true if
            // our onscreen window is not a fullscreen window, in which case it will always interfere
            // with our window:
            if ((PsychGetNumDisplays() == 1) || !((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychIsFullscreenWindow)) {
                // Ok, DWM will definitely mess with our stimuli: Warn the user about the likely hazard.
                printf("PTB-WARNING: ==============================================================================================================================\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: WINDOWS DWM DESKTOP COMPOSITOR IS ACTIVE! ALL FLIP STIMULUS ONSET TIMESTAMPS WILL BE VERY LIKELY UNRELIABLE AND LESS ACCURATE!\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: STIMULUS ONSET TIMING WILL BE UNRELIABLE AS WELL, AND GRAPHICS PERFORMANCE MAY BE SEVERELY REDUCED! STIMULUS IMAGES MAY NOT\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: SHOW UP AT ALL! DO NOT USE THIS MODE FOR RUNNING REAL EXPERIMENT SESSIONS WITH ANY REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCURATE TIMING!\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: ==============================================================================================================================\n");
            }
            else {
                // This is a multi-display setup with the DWM active on at least some display(s) and our
                // stimulus onscreen window is a fullscreen window that covers at least one whole display.
                // We can't know if our stimulus display is affected, or only other irrelevant GUI desktop
                // displays. At least on one tested recent versions of Windows-7 and presumably Windows-8,
                // DWM was interfering massively with fullscreen stimulus displays, leading to completely
                // wrong stimulus onset timestamps:
                printf("PTB-WARNING: ============================================================================================================================\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: WINDOWS DWM DESKTOP COMPOSITOR IS ACTIVE ON AT LEAST ONE DISPLAY! ALL FLIP STIMULUS ONSET TIMESTAMPS WILL BE LIKELY WRONG!\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: STIMULUS ONSET TIMING WILL BE UNRELIABLE AS WELL, AND GRAPHICS PERFORMANCE MAY BE SEVERELY REDUCED! STIMULUS IMAGES MAY NOT\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: SHOW UP AT ALL! DO NOT USE THIS MODE FOR RUNNING REAL EXPERIMENT SESSIONS WITH ANY REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCURATE TIMING!\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: ============================================================================================================================\n");
            }
        }
        #endif
    }
    else if ((PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) && PsychIsMSVista() && (PsychGetNumDisplays() > 1)) {
        // MS-Vista or later with DWM effectively disabled/inactive. On a single display setup,
        // this seems to be fine. On a dual-display setup, timing was wrong as well.
        printf("PTB-WARNING: ==============================================================================================================\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: WINDOWS SYSTEM IS RUNNING IN MULTI-DISPLAY MODE! ALL FLIP STIMULUS ONSET TIMESTAMPS WILL BE LIKELY UNRELIABLE!\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: STIMULUS ONSET TIMING WILL BE UNRELIABLE AS WELL, AND GRAPHICS PERFORMANCE MAY BE SEVERELY REDUCED!\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: DO NOT USE MULTI-DISPLAY MODE FOR RUNNING REAL EXPERIMENT SESSIONS WITH ANY REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCURATE TIMING!\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: ==============================================================================================================\n");
    }

    // Check for desktop compositor activity on OSX: Check not (yet) applicable on Linux, as it is only reliable with KDE/KWin...
    if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX) && PsychOSIsDWMEnabled(screenSettings->screenNumber) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1)) {
        // Desktop compositor active for our onscreen window. Explain consequences to user:
        printf("PTB-WARNING: ==================================================================================================================\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: DESKTOP COMPOSITOR IS ACTIVE! ALL FLIP STIMULUS ONSET TIMESTAMPS WILL BE VERY LIKELY UNRELIABLE AND LESS ACCURATE!\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: STIMULUS ONSET TIMING WILL BE UNRELIABLE AS WELL, AND GRAPHICS PERFORMANCE MAY BE REDUCED!\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: DO NOT USE THIS MODE FOR RUNNING REAL EXPERIMENT SESSIONS WITH ANY REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCURATE TIMING!\n");
        printf("PTB-WARNING: ==================================================================================================================\n");
    }

    if (skip_synctests < 2) {
        // Reliable estimate? These are our minimum requirements:
        // At least minSamples valid samples collected.
        // stddev (== noise) not greater than maxStddev, unless we are sure pageflipping under our full control was used during
        // refresh calibration and sync tests, in which case we tolerate up to 3 times maxStddev. Why? Because pageflipping under
        // our control rules out interference of a desktop compositor or other sources of triple buffering, so if timing noise is
        // the only unusual symptom it is likely to be just noise, not a symptom of a compositor at work.
        if ((numSamples < minSamples) || (!did_pageflip && (stddev > maxStddev)) || (did_pageflip && (stddev > 3 * maxStddev))) {
            sync_disaster = true;
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) printf("\nWARNING: Couldn't compute a reliable estimate of monitor refresh interval! Trouble with VBL syncing?!?\n");
        }

        // Check for mismatch between measured ifi from glFinish() VBLSync method and the value reported by the OS, if any:
        // This would indicate that we have massive trouble syncing to the VBL!
        if ((ifi_nominal > 0) && (ifi_estimate < (1 - maxDeviation) * ifi_nominal || ifi_estimate > (1 + maxDeviation) * ifi_nominal)) {
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) {
                printf("\nWARNING: Mismatch between measured monitor refresh interval and interval reported by operating system.\nThis indicates massive problems with VBL sync.\n");
            }
            sync_disaster = true;
        }
    } // End of synctests part II.

    // This is a "last resort" fallback: If user requests to *skip* all sync-tests and calibration routines
    // and we are unable to compute any ifi_estimate, we will fake one in order to be able to continue.
    // Either we use the nominal framerate provided by the operating system, or - if that's unavailable as well -
    // we assume a monitor refresh of 60 Hz, the typical value for flat-panels.
    if (ifi_estimate==0 && skip_synctests) {
        ifi_estimate = (ifi_nominal>0) ? ifi_nominal : (1.0/60.0);
        (*windowRecord)->nrIFISamples=1;
        (*windowRecord)->IFIRunningSum=ifi_estimate;
        (*windowRecord)->VideoRefreshInterval = ifi_estimate;
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) {
            if (skip_synctests < 2) {
                printf("\nPTB-WARNING: Unable to measure monitor refresh interval! Using a fake value of %f milliseconds.\n", ifi_estimate*1000);
            }
            else {
                printf("PTB-INFO: All display tests and calibrations disabled. Assuming a refresh interval of %f Hz. Timing will be inaccurate!\n", 1.0/ifi_estimate);
            }
        }
    }

    if (sync_disaster) {
        // We fail! Continuing would be too dangerous without a working VBL sync. We don't
        // want to spoil somebodys study just because s(he) is relying on a non-working sync.
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 0) {
            printf("\n\n");
            printf("----- ! PTB - ERROR: SYNCHRONIZATION FAILURE ! ----\n\n");
            printf("One or more internal checks (see Warnings above) indicate that synchronization\n");
            printf("of Psychtoolbox to the vertical retrace (VBL) is not working on your setup.\n\n");
            printf("This will seriously impair proper stimulus presentation and stimulus presentation timing!\n");
            printf("Please read 'help SyncTrouble' for information about how to solve or work-around the problem.\n");
            printf("You can force Psychtoolbox to continue, despite the severe problems, by adding the command\n");
            printf("Screen('Preference', 'SkipSyncTests', 1); at the top of your script, if you really know what you are doing.\n\n\n");
        }

        // Apparently the busy-wait for VBL before bufferswap request workaround did not help
        // in passing the 3rd run of the sync tests. Let's disable it again, as it can actually
        // make things worse if one uses skip sync test setting 1, by throttling to vblank twice,
        // once in hardware, once by our workaround. If user wants us to limp along, let us at
        // least as fast as we can:
        (*windowRecord)->specialflags &= ~kPsychBusyWaitForVBLBeforeBufferSwapRequest;

        // Abort right here if sync tests are enabled:
        if (!skip_synctests) {
            // We abort! Close the onscreen window:
            PsychOSCloseWindow(*windowRecord);
            // Free the windowRecord:
            FreeWindowRecordFromPntr(*windowRecord);
            // Done. Return failure:
            return(FALSE);
        }

        // Flash our visual warning bell at alert-level for 1 second if skipping sync tests is requested:
        PsychVisualBell((*windowRecord), 1, 2);
    }

    // Ok, basic syncing to VBL seems to work and we have a valid estimate of monitor refresh interval...

    // Check for mismatch between measured ifi from beamposition and from VBLSync method.
    // This would indicate that the beam position is reported from a different display device
    // than the one we are VBL syncing to. -> Trouble!
    if ((ifi_beamestimate < 0.8 * ifi_estimate || ifi_beamestimate > 1.2 * ifi_estimate) && (ifi_beamestimate > 0)) {
        if (!sync_trouble && PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>1)
            printf("\nWARNING: Mismatch between measured monitor refresh intervals! This indicates problems with rasterbeam position queries.\n");
        sync_trouble = true;
    }

    if (sync_trouble) {
        // Fail-Safe: Mark VBL-Endline as invalid, so a couple of mechanisms get disabled in Screen('Flip') aka PsychFlipWindowBuffers().
        VBL_Endline = -1;

        // Only warn user and flash the warning triangle if we can't use OpenML timestamping because it is disabled or broken.
        // If OpenML timestamping is available then beamposition queries are not needed anyway, so no reason to make a big fuss...
        if ((PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) && ((PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode() != 4) || ((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective))) {
            printf("\n\n");
            printf("----- ! PTB - WARNING: SYNCHRONIZATION TROUBLE ! ----\n\n");
            printf("One or more internal checks (see Warnings above) indicate that\n");
            printf("queries of rasterbeam position are not properly working for your setup.\n\n");
            printf("Psychtoolbox will work around this by using a different timing algorithm, \n");
            printf("but it will cause Screen('Flip') to report less accurate/robust timestamps\n");
            printf("for stimulus timing.\n");
            printf("Read 'help BeampositionQueries' for more info and troubleshooting tips.\n");
            printf("\n\n");

            // Flash our visual warning bell:
            if (ringTheBell < 2) ringTheBell=2;
        }
    }

    // Assign our best estimate of the scanline which marks end of vertical blanking interval:
    (*windowRecord)->VBL_Endline = VBL_Endline;

    // Store estimated video refresh cycle from beamposition method as well:
    (*windowRecord)->ifi_beamestimate = ifi_beamestimate;

    //mark the contents of the window record as valid.  Between the time it is created (always with PsychCreateWindowRecord) and when it is marked valid
    //(with PsychSetWindowRecordValid) it is a potential victim of PsychPurgeInvalidWindows.
    PsychSetWindowRecordValid(*windowRecord);

    // Ring the visual bell for one second if anything demands this:
    if (ringTheBell>=0 && !skip_synctests) PsychVisualBell((*windowRecord), 1, ringTheBell);

    if (PsychPrefStateGet_EmulateOldPTB()) {
        // Perform all drawing and reading in the front-buffer for OS-9 emulation mode:
        glReadBuffer(GL_FRONT);
        glDrawBuffer(GL_FRONT);
    }

    // Check if >= 10 bpc native framebuffer support is requested, or if 10 bit LUT bypass
    // is requested. In both cases we execute PsychEnableNative10BitFramebuffer(), which
    // will internally sort out if it needs to go through all the moves or only enable the
    // 10 bit LUT bypass (possibly on FireGL and FirePro with broken drivers):
    if ((((*windowRecord)->specialflags & kPsychNative10bpcFBActive) || (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychBypassLUTFor10BitFramebuffer))
        && PsychOSIsKernelDriverAvailable((*windowRecord)->screenNumber)) {
        // Try to switch framebuffer to native >= 10 bpc mode:
        PsychEnableNative10BitFramebuffer((*windowRecord), TRUE);
    }

    // Allocate and zero-init the flipInfo struct for this window:
    (*windowRecord)->flipInfo = (PsychFlipInfoStruct*) malloc(sizeof(PsychFlipInfoStruct));
    if (NULL == (*windowRecord)->flipInfo) PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_outofMemory, "Out of memory when trying to malloc() flipInfo struct!");
    memset((*windowRecord)->flipInfo, 0, sizeof(PsychFlipInfoStruct));
    (*windowRecord)->flipInfo->flipwhen = -DBL_MAX;

    // Wait for splashMinDurationSecs, so that the "Welcome" splash screen is
    // displayed at least that long:
    PsychYieldIntervalSeconds(splashMinDurationSecs);

    // Done.
    return(TRUE);
}

void PsychCloseWindow(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    PsychWindowRecordType **windowRecordArray;
    int i, numWindows;
    int queryState;

    // Extra child-protection to protect against half-initialized windowRecords...
    if (!windowRecord->isValid) {
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>5) {
            printf("PTB-ERROR: Tried to destroy invalid windowRecord. Screw up in init sequence?!? Skipped.\n");
            fflush(NULL);
        }

        return;
    }

    // If our to-be-destroyed windowRecord is currently bound as drawing target,
    // e.g. as onscreen window or offscreen window, then we need to safe-reset
    // our drawing engine - Unbind its FBO (if any) and reset current target to
    // 'none'.
    if (PsychGetDrawingTarget() == windowRecord) {
        if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord)) {
            // Onscreen window? Do a simple soft-reset:
            PsychSetDrawingTarget((PsychWindowRecordType*) 0x1);
        }
        else {
            // Offscreen window/texture: Protect against some corner case. Reset
            // the drawing target to the associated top-level parent onscreen window:
            PsychSetDrawingTarget(PsychGetParentWindow(windowRecord));
        }
    }

    if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord)) {
        // Call cleanup routine for the flipInfo record (and possible associated threads):
        // This must be first in order to not get caught in infinite loops if this is
        // a window close due to error-abort or other abort with async flips active:
        PsychReleaseFlipInfoStruct(windowRecord);

        // Check if 10 bpc native framebuffer support was supposed to be enabled:
        if (((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychNative10bpcFBActive) || (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychBypassLUTFor10BitFramebuffer))
            && PsychOSIsKernelDriverAvailable(windowRecord->screenNumber)) {
            // Try to switch framebuffer back to standard 8 bpc mode. This will silently
            // do nothing if framebuffer wasn't in non-8bpc mode:
            PsychEnableNative10BitFramebuffer(windowRecord, FALSE);
        }

        // Free possible shadow textures:
        PsychFreeTextureForWindowRecord(windowRecord);

        // Make sure that OpenGL pipeline is done & idle for this window:
        PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);

        // Execute hook chain for OpenGL related shutdown:
        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychCloseWindowPreGLShutdown, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

        // Sync and idle the pipeline:
        glFinish();

        // Shutdown only OpenGL related parts of imaging pipeline for this windowRecord, i.e.
        // do the shutdown work which still requires a fully functional OpenGL context and
        // hook-chains:
        PsychShutdownImagingPipeline(windowRecord, TRUE);

        // Call cleanup routine of text renderers to cleanup anything text related for this windowRecord:
        PsychCleanupTextRenderer(windowRecord);

        // Destroy a potentially orphaned GPU rendertime query:
        if (windowRecord->gpuRenderTimeQuery) {
            glGetQueryiv(GL_TIME_ELAPSED_EXT, GL_CURRENT_QUERY, &queryState);
            if (queryState > 0) glEndQuery(GL_TIME_ELAPSED_EXT);
            glDeleteQueries(1, &windowRecord->gpuRenderTimeQuery);
            windowRecord->gpuRenderTimeQuery = 0;
        }

        // Sync and idle the pipeline again:
        glFinish();

        // We need to NULL-out all references to the - now destroyed - OpenGL context:
        PsychCreateVolatileWindowRecordPointerList(&numWindows, &windowRecordArray);
        for(i=0;i<numWindows;i++) {
            if (windowRecordArray[i]->targetSpecific.contextObject == windowRecord->targetSpecific.contextObject &&
                (windowRecordArray[i]->windowType==kPsychTexture || windowRecordArray[i]->windowType==kPsychProxyWindow)) {
                windowRecordArray[i]->targetSpecific.contextObject = NULL;
                windowRecordArray[i]->targetSpecific.glusercontextObject = NULL;
            }
        }
        PsychDestroyVolatileWindowRecordPointerList(windowRecordArray);

        // Disable rendering context:
        PsychOSUnsetGLContext(windowRecord);

        // Call OS specific low-level window close routine:
        PsychOSCloseWindow(windowRecord);

        windowRecord->targetSpecific.contextObject=NULL;

        // Execute hook chain for final non-OpenGL related shutdown:
        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychCloseWindowPostGLShutdown, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

        // Reduce count of onscreen windows with our own threaded framesequential stereo mode active:
        if (windowRecord->stereomode == kPsychFrameSequentialStereo) {
            frameSeqStereoActive--;

            // Perform shutdown of shutter goggle driver if needed:
            PsychSetupShutterGoggles(windowRecord, FALSE);
        }

        // If this was the last onscreen window then we reset the currentRendertarget etc. to pre-Screen load time:
        if (PsychIsLastOnscreenWindow(windowRecord)) {
            currentRendertarget = NULL;
            asyncFlipOpsActive = 0;
            frameSeqStereoActive = 0;
        }

        // Release dynamically allocated splash image buffer, if any, if this is the last onscreen window to be closed:
        if (PsychIsLastOnscreenWindow(windowRecord) && (splash_image.bytes_per_pixel == GL_RGB)) {
            free(splash_image.pixel_data);
            splash_image.pixel_data = NULL;
            splash_image.bytes_per_pixel = 0;
        }
    }
    else if(windowRecord->windowType==kPsychTexture) {
        // Texture or Offscreen window - which is also just a form of texture.
        PsychFreeTextureForWindowRecord(windowRecord);

        // Execute hook chain for OpenGL related shutdown:
        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychCloseWindowPreGLShutdown, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

        // Shutdown only OpenGL related parts of imaging pipeline for this windowRecord, i.e.
        // do the shutdown work which still requires a fully functional OpenGL context and
        // hook-chains:
        PsychShutdownImagingPipeline(windowRecord, TRUE);

        // Execute hook chain for final non-OpenGL related shutdown:
        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychCloseWindowPostGLShutdown, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    }
    else if(windowRecord->windowType==kPsychProxyWindow) {
        // Proxy window object without associated OpenGL state or content.

        // Execute hook chain for OpenGL related shutdown:
        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychCloseWindowPreGLShutdown, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

        // Run shutdown sequence for imaging pipeline in case the proxy has bounce-buffer or
        // lookup table textures or FBO's attached:
        PsychShutdownImagingPipeline(windowRecord, TRUE);

        // Execute hook chain for final non-OpenGL related shutdown:
        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychCloseWindowPostGLShutdown, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    }
    else if(windowRecord->windowType==kPsychNoWindow) {
        // Partially initialized windowRecord, not yet associated to a real Window system
        // window or OpenGL rendering context. We skip this one - there's nothing to do.
        // Well almost... ...we output some warning, as something must have screwed up seriously if
        // we reached this point in control-flow...
        printf("PTB-ERROR: Something is screwed up seriously! Please read all warnings and error messages\n");
        printf("PTB-ERROR: above these lines very carefully to assess and fix the problem...\n");
        fflush(NULL);
        return;
    }
    else {
        // If we reach this point then we've really screwed up, e.g., internal memory corruption.
        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "FATAL ERROR: Unrecognized window type. Memory corruption?!?");
    }

    // Output count of missed deadlines. Don't bother for 1 missed deadline -- that's an expected artifact of the measurement...
    if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord) && (windowRecord->nr_missed_deadlines>1)) {
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) {
            printf("\n\nINFO: PTB's Screen('Flip', %i) command seems to have missed the requested stimulus presentation deadline\n", windowRecord->windowIndex);
            printf("INFO: a total of %i times out of a total of %i flips during this session.\n\n", windowRecord->nr_missed_deadlines, windowRecord->flipCount);
            printf("INFO: This number is fairly accurate (and indicative of real timing problems in your own code or your system)\n");
            printf("INFO: if you provided requested stimulus onset times with the 'when' argument of Screen('Flip', window [, when]);\n");
            printf("INFO: If you called Screen('Flip', window); without the 'when' argument, this count is more of a ''mild'' indicator\n");
            printf("INFO: of timing behaviour than a hard reliable measurement. Large numbers may indicate problems and should at least\n");
            printf("INFO: deserve your closer attention. Cfe. 'help SyncTrouble', the FAQ section at www.psychtoolbox.org and the\n");
            printf("INFO: examples in the PDF presentation in PsychDocumentation/Psychtoolbox3-Slides.pdf for more info and timing tips.\n\n");
        }
    }

    if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord) && PsychPrefStateGet_SkipSyncTests()) {
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) {
            printf("\n\nWARNING: This session of your experiment was run by you with the setting Screen('Preference', 'SkipSyncTests', %i).\n",
                   (int) PsychPrefStateGet_SkipSyncTests());
            printf("WARNING: This means that some internal self-tests and calibrations were skipped. Your stimulus presentation timing\n");
            printf("WARNING: may have been wrong. This is fine for development and debugging of your experiment, but for running the real\n");
            printf("WARNING: study, please make sure to set Screen('Preference', 'SkipSyncTests', 0) for maximum accuracy and reliability.\n");
        }
    }

    // Shutdown non-OpenGL related parts of imaging pipeline for this windowRecord:
    PsychShutdownImagingPipeline(windowRecord, FALSE);

    PsychErrorExit(FreeWindowRecordFromPntr(windowRecord));
}


/*
    PsychFlushGL()

    Enforce rendering of all pending OpenGL drawing commands and wait for render completion.
    This routine is called at the end of each Screen drawing subfunction. A call to it signals
    the end of a single Matlab drawing command.

    -If this is an onscreen window in OS-9 emulation mode we call glFinish();

    -In all other cases we don't do anything because CGLFlushDrawable which is called by PsychFlipWindowBuffers()
    implicitley calls glFlush() before flipping the buffers. Apple warns of lowered perfomance if glFlush() is called
    immediately before CGLFlushDrawable().

    Note that a glFinish() after each drawing command can significantly impair overall drawing performance and
    execution speed of Matlab Psychtoolbox scripts, because the parallelism between CPU and GPU breaks down completely
    and we can run out of DMA command buffers, effectively stalling the CPU!

    We need to do this to provide backward compatibility for old PTB code from OS-9 or Win PTB, where
    synchronization to VBL is done via WaitBlanking: After a WaitBlanking, all drawing commands must execute as soon
    as possible and a GetSecs - call after *any* drawing command must return a useful timestamp for stimulus onset
    time. We can only achieve a compatible semantic by using a glFinish() after each drawing op.
*/
void PsychFlushGL(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    if(PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord) && PsychPrefStateGet_EmulateOldPTB()) glFinish();
}

/* PsychSetupShutterGoggles()
 *
 * Setup/Enable or Disable support for NVidia's NVision stereo emitter kit, which
 * allows to drive stereo shutter goggles from NVidia in frame-sequential stereo mode.
 *
 * We use the LGPL licensed libnvstusb to do this. It is dynamically loaded as a shared
 * library, as is the firmware that needs to be loaded into the NVision controller.
 * libnvstusb emits the neccessary USB trigger packets as usb bulk transfers, using
 * the reverse-engineered protocol of the NVision USB controller.
 *
 * If no libnvstusb.so library is found, no firmware file is found, or no suitable
 * controller is connected then this function does nothing and we end up with the
 * usual blue line sync stereo. The function is currently also only for Linux. Porting
 * to OSX or Windows would be possible with small adjustments here and more significant
 * but doable modifications to libnvstusb.
 *
 */
void PsychSetupShutterGoggles(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord, psych_bool doInit)
{
    #ifdef PTB_USE_NVSTUSB
        char pluginPath[FILENAME_MAX];
        char firmwareFile[FILENAME_MAX];
        char pluginName[100];
        char backupenv[100];
        FILE *fw;

        // Init or shutdown?
        if (doInit) {
            // Init.

            // Try to find required firmware file. First in the Psychtoolbox configuration directory, then in the users $HOME directory:
            sprintf(firmwareFile, "%snvstusb.fw", PsychRuntimeGetPsychtoolboxRoot(TRUE));
            errno = 0;
            if ((fw = fopen(firmwareFile, "rb")) != NULL) {
                fclose(fw);
            }
            else {
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4)
                    printf("PTB-DEBUG: PsychSetupShutterGoggles: Could not find NVision firmware file at '%s' [%s].\n", firmwareFile, strerror(errno));

                sprintf(firmwareFile, "%s/nvstusb.fw", getenv("HOME"));
                errno = 0;
                if ((fw = fopen(firmwareFile, "rb")) != NULL) {
                    fclose(fw);
                }
                else {
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4)
                        printf("PTB-DEBUG: PsychSetupShutterGoggles: Could not find NVision firmware file at '%s' [%s].\n", firmwareFile, strerror(errno));
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2)
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Could not find any firmware file for NVidia NVision stereo goggles, therefore not driving such goggles.\n");
                    return;
                }
            }

            // Firmware file found - Probably the user wants us to drive such Goggles.

            // Plugin already loaded and linked?
            if (NULL == nvstusb_plugin) {
                // No. Try to load and bind the library:
                sprintf(pluginName, "libnvstusb.so");

                // Try to get it from the PsychPlugins folder:
                if (strlen(PsychRuntimeGetPsychtoolboxRoot(FALSE)) > 0) {
                    // Yes! Assemble full path name to plugin:
                    sprintf(pluginPath, "%sPsychBasic/PsychPlugins/%s", PsychRuntimeGetPsychtoolboxRoot(FALSE), pluginName);
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 5) printf("PTB-DEBUG: PsychSetupShutterGoggles: Trying to load external driver plugin from following file: [ %s ]\n", pluginPath);
                }
                else {
                    // Failed! Assign only plugin name and hope the user installed the plugin into
                    // a folder on the system library search path:
                    sprintf(pluginPath, "%s", pluginName);
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) printf("PTB-INFO: PsychSetupShutterGoggles: Failed to find installation directory for external driver plugin [ %s ].\nHoping it is somewhere in the library search path...\n", pluginPath);
                }

                if ((dlopen("libusb-1.0.so.0", RTLD_NOW | RTLD_GLOBAL | RTLD_NOLOAD) == NULL) &&
                    (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 0)) {
                    printf("PTB-DEBUG: PsychSetupShutterGoggles: Failed to reopen libusb-1.0.so.0 in no-reload-mode [%s]. nvstusb plugin load will likely fail...\n", (const char*) dlerror());
                }

                nvstusb_plugin = dlopen(pluginPath, RTLD_NOW | RTLD_GLOBAL);
                if (NULL == nvstusb_plugin) {
                    // First try failed:
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 3) {
                        printf("PTB-DEBUG: PsychSetupShutterGoggles: Failed to load external driver plugin [%s]. Retrying under generic name [%s].\n", (const char*) dlerror(), pluginName);
                    }

                    sprintf(pluginPath, "%s", pluginName);
                    nvstusb_plugin = dlopen(pluginPath, RTLD_NOW | RTLD_GLOBAL);
                }

                if (NULL == nvstusb_plugin) {
                    // Game over.
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2)
                        printf("PTB-INFO: PsychSetupShutterGoggles: Could not load stereo goggle driver plugin [%s]. Goggle support disabled.\n", (const char*) dlerror());
                    return;
                }

                // Plugin loaded. Bind entry points:
                Nvstusb_init_proc = dlsym(nvstusb_plugin, "nvstusb_init");
                Nvstusb_deinit_proc = dlsym(nvstusb_plugin, "nvstusb_deinit");
                Nvstusb_set_rate_proc = dlsym(nvstusb_plugin, "nvstusb_set_rate");
                Nvstusb_swap_proc = dlsym(nvstusb_plugin, "nvstusb_swap");
                Nvstusb_get_keys_proc = dlsym(nvstusb_plugin, "nvstusb_get_keys");
                Nvstusb_invert_eyes_proc = dlsym(nvstusb_plugin, "nvstusb_invert_eyes");

                nvsttriggerdelay = 0;
                if (getenv("PTB_NVISION3D_DELAY"))
                    nvsttriggerdelay = atof(getenv("PTB_NVISION3D_DELAY"));

                // Successfully linked?
                if (!Nvstusb_init_proc || !Nvstusb_deinit_proc || !Nvstusb_set_rate_proc || !Nvstusb_swap_proc || !Nvstusb_get_keys_proc || !Nvstusb_invert_eyes_proc) {
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2)
                        printf("PTB-INFO: PsychSetupShutterGoggles: Could not load link goggle driver plugin [%s]. Goggle support disabled.\n", (const char*) dlerror());

                    // Request shutdown of stuff again:
                    doInit = FALSE;
                }
            }

            // Still green to go? Otherwise we fall through to the shutdown path:
            if (doInit) {
                // Ok, the plugin is ready. Let's see if we have actual goggles to drive.

                // First we set the environment variable __GL_SYNC_TO_VBLANK before
                // calling Nvstusb_init_proc(). This will cause the init routine to
                // select a drive strategy for the goggles that is optimal for our
                // frame sequential stereo implementation. Specifically it will simply
                // immediately send the USB goggle trigger packet to the goggles when
                // we ask it to do so. We make sure to call the function after swap
                // completion is confirmed by the OS.

                // Step 1: Backup the current setting of __GL_SYNC_TO_VBLANK:
                if (getenv("__GL_SYNC_TO_VBLANK")) {
                    strcpy(backupenv, getenv("__GL_SYNC_TO_VBLANK"));
                }
                else {
                    backupenv[0] = 0;
                }

                // Step 2: Force it to our wanted value:
                setenv("__GL_SYNC_TO_VBLANK", "1", 1);

                // Step 3: Init library:
                nvstusb_goggles = Nvstusb_init_proc(firmwareFile);

                // Step 4: Restore old setting of __GL_SYNC_TO_VBLANK, if any:
                if (backupenv[0] != 0) {
                    setenv("__GL_SYNC_TO_VBLANK", backupenv, 1);
                }
                else {
                    unsetenv("__GL_SYNC_TO_VBLANK");
                }

                // Step 5: Check if init actually worked:
                if (NULL == nvstusb_goggles) {
                    // Nope. We are done here.
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2)
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Could not connect to NVidia NVision stereo goggles, therefore not enabling such goggles.\n");
                    doInit = FALSE;
                }
                else {
                    // Yes. Set expected update rate as video refresh rate:
                    Nvstusb_set_rate_proc(nvstusb_goggles, (float) (1.0 / windowRecord->VideoRefreshInterval));
                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2)
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Activated NVidia NVision stereo goggles.\n");
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        // Shutdown requested?
        if (!doInit) {
            // Perform cleanup and shutdown:
            if (nvstusb_goggles) {
                // Goggles online. Deinit them and the library:
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2)
                    printf("PTB-INFO: Shutting down NVidia NVision stereo goggles.\n");

                Nvstusb_deinit_proc(nvstusb_goggles);
                nvstusb_goggles = NULL;
            }

            if (nvstusb_plugin) {
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4)
                    printf("PTB-DEBUG: Unloading nvstusb library.\n");

                Nvstusb_init_proc = NULL;
                Nvstusb_deinit_proc = NULL;
                Nvstusb_set_rate_proc = NULL;
                Nvstusb_swap_proc = NULL;
                Nvstusb_get_keys_proc = NULL;
                Nvstusb_invert_eyes_proc = NULL;
                dlclose(nvstusb_plugin);
                nvstusb_plugin = NULL;
            }

            // Done.
            return;
        }

    #endif
}

/* PsychTriggerShutterGoggles()
 *
 * Use libnvstusb to emit USB stereo trigger packets to a NVidia NVision stereo controller.
 * Do nothing if no such setup was enabled via PsychSetupShutterGoggles().
 *
 */
void PsychTriggerShutterGoggles(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord, int viewid)
{
    static int oldviewid = -1;
    double dT;

    // Delay trigger emission if requested:
    if (nvsttriggerdelay > 0) {
        PsychWaitUntilSeconds(windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl + nvsttriggerdelay);
        // Delayed triggering only makes sense if we want to trigger for the other
        // eye - the one that will present at next refresh, not the one that is
        // currently presenting. Therefore switch left-right eye trigger:
        viewid = 1 - viewid;
    }

    PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&dT);
    dT = 1000 * (dT - windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl);

    #ifdef PTB_USE_NVSTUSB
        // Emit shutter trigger if frameSeqStereoActive and NVideo NVision driver active:
        if (nvstusb_plugin && nvstusb_goggles && (windowRecord->stereomode == kPsychFrameSequentialStereo)) {
            Nvstusb_swap_proc(nvstusb_goggles, ((viewid == 0) ? nvstusb_left : nvstusb_right), NULL);
            if ((PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 9) || (nvsttriggerdelay < 0))
                printf("PTB-DEBUG: PsychTriggerShutterGoggles: Triggering for viewid %i, dT since vblank in msecs: %f\n", viewid, dT);
        }
        else {
            if ((PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 9) || (nvsttriggerdelay < 0))
                printf("PTB-DEBUG: PsychTriggerShutterGoggles: No-Op call for viewid %i, dT since vblank in msecs: %f\n", viewid, dT);
        }
    #endif

    // Check if stereo views alternate nicely at each invocation:
    if ((oldviewid != -1) && (oldviewid != 1 - viewid)) {
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 9)
            printf("PTB-WARNING: Frame sequential stereo sequencing order mismatch. Double take on viewid %i. Visual glitch expected in stereo presentation.\n", viewid);
    }
    oldviewid = viewid;
}

#if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS
#define strerror(x) "UNKNOWN"
#endif

/* PsychReleaseFlipInfoStruct() -- Cleanup flipInfo struct
 *
 * This routine cleans up the flipInfo struct field of onscreen window records at
 * onscreen window close time (called from PsychCloseWindow() for onscreen windows).
 * It also performs all neccessary thread shutdown and release actions if a async
 * thread is associated with the windowRecord.
 *
 */
void PsychReleaseFlipInfoStruct(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    PsychFlipInfoStruct* flipRequest = windowRecord->flipInfo;
    int rc;
    static unsigned int recursionlevel = 0;

    // Nothing to do for NULL structs:
    if (NULL == flipRequest) return;

    // Any async flips in progress?
    if (flipRequest->asyncstate != 0) {
        // Hmm, what to do?
        printf("PTB-WARNING: Asynchronous flip operation for window %p in progress while Screen('Close') or Screen('CloseAll') was called or\n", windowRecord);
        printf("PTB-WARNING: exiting from a Screen error! Will try to finalize it gracefully. This may hang, crash or go into an infinite loop...\n");
        fflush(NULL);

        // A value of 2 would mean its basically done, so nothing to do here.
        if (flipRequest->asyncstate == 1) {
            // If no recursion and flipper thread not in error state it might be safe to try a normal shutdown:
            if (recursionlevel == 0 && flipRequest->flipperState < 4) {
                // Operation in progress: Try to stop it the normal way...
                flipRequest->opmode = 2;
                recursionlevel++;
                PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(windowRecord);

                // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
                PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord);

                recursionlevel--;
            }
            else {
                // We seem to be in an infinite error loop. Try to force asyncstate to zero
                // in the hope that we'll break out of the loop that way and hope for the best...
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Infinite loop detected. Trying to break out in a cruel way. This may hang, crash or go into another infinite loop...\n");
                fflush(NULL);
                flipRequest->asyncstate = 0;

                // Decrement the asyncFlipOpsActive count:
                asyncFlipOpsActive--;
            }
        }
    }

    // Any threads attached?
    if (flipRequest->flipperThread) {
        // Yes. Cancel and destroy / release it, also release all mutex locks:

        // Disable realtime scheduling, e.g., Vista-MMCSS: Important to do this,
        // as at least Vista et al. does not reset MMCSS scheduling, even if the
        // thread dies later on, causing wreakage for all future calls of this
        // function in a running session! (WTF?!?)
        PsychSetThreadPriority(&(flipRequest->flipperThread), 0, 0);

        // Set opmode to "terminate please":
        flipRequest->opmode = -1;

        // Signal the thread in case it is waiting on the condition variable:
        if ((rc=PsychSignalCondition(&(flipRequest->flipperGoGoGo)))) {
            printf("PTB-ERROR: In PsychReleaseFlipInfoStruct(): pthread_cond_signal in thread shutdown operation failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
            printf("PTB-ERROR: This must not ever happen! PTB design bug or severe operating system or runtime environment malfunction!! Memory corruption?!?");

            // Anyway, just hope it is not fatal for us...
            // Try to cancel the thread in a more cruel manner. That's the best we can do.
            PsychAbortThread(&(flipRequest->flipperThread));
        }

        // Do we hold the mutex? Given a flipperThread exist if we made it until here,
        // at least one async flip has happened in this session, which means that we do
        // hold the lock after an async flip has finalized (2) and/or Screen('AsyncFlipEnd/Check')
        // has gathered the data from the finalized flip and reset to synchronous mode (0). In
        // any of these cases, the flipper thread is sleeping on its condition variable, waiting
        // for new instructions and we have the lock. Check for asyncstate 2 or 0 to decide
        // if we need to release the lock:
        if ((flipRequest->asyncstate == 0) || (flipRequest->asyncstate == 2)) {
            // Unlock the lock, so the thread can't block on it:
            PsychUnlockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock));
        }

        // Thread should wake up on the signal/condition now, reaquire the lock, parse
        // our opmode = -1 abort command and therefore release the lock and terminate.

        // Wait for thread to stop and die:
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>5) printf("PTB-DEBUG: Waiting (join()ing) for helper thread of window %p to finish up. If this doesn't happen quickly, you'll have to kill Matlab/Octave...\n", windowRecord);

        // If any error happened here, it wouldn't be a problem for us...
        // Wait for thread termination, cleanup and release the thread:
        PsychDeleteThread(&(flipRequest->flipperThread));

        // Ok, thread is dead. Mark it as such:
        flipRequest->flipperThread = (psych_thread) NULL;

        // Destroy the mutex:
        if ((rc=PsychDestroyMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
            printf("PTB-WARNING: In PsychReleaseFlipInfoStruct: Could not destroy performFlipLock mutex lock [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
            printf("PTB-WARNING: This will cause ressource leakage. Maybe you should better exit and restart Matlab/Octave?");
        }

        // Destroy condition variable:
        if ((rc=PsychDestroyCondition(&(flipRequest->flipperGoGoGo)))) {
            printf("PTB-WARNING: In PsychReleaseFlipInfoStruct: Could not destroy flipperGoGoGo condition variable [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
            printf("PTB-WARNING: This will cause ressource leakage. Maybe you should better exit and restart Matlab/Octave?");
        }

        // At this point, the thread and all other async flip resources have been terminated and released.
    }

    // Release struct:
    free(flipRequest);
    windowRecord->flipInfo = NULL;

    // Done.
    return;
}

/* PsychFlipperThreadMain() the "main()" routine of the asynchronous flip worker thread:
*
* This routine implements an infinite loop (well, infinite until cancellation at Screen('Close')
* time etc.). The loop waits for a trigger signal from the PTB/Matlab/Octave main thread that
* an async flip for the associated onscreen window is requested. Then it processes that request
* by calling the underlying flip routine properly, returns all return values in the flipRequest
* struct and goes to sleep again to wait for the next request.
*
* Each onscreen window has its own thread, but threads are created lazily at first invokation of
* an async fip for a window, so most users will never ever have any of these beasts running.
* The threads are destroyed at Screen('Close', window); Screen('CloseAl') or Screen errorhandling/
* clear Screen / Matlab exit time.
*
* While an async flip is active for an onscreen window, the worker thread exclusively owns the
* OpenGL context of that window and the main thread is prevented from executing any OpenGL related
* commands. This is important because while many OpenGL contexts are allowed to be attached to
* many threads in parallel, it's not allowed for one context to be attached to multiple threads!
* We have lots of locking and protection in place to prevent such things.
*
* Its also important that no code from a worker thread is allowed to call back into Matlab, so
* the imaging pipeline can not run from this thread: PsychPreflipOperations() is run fromt the main
* thread in a fully synchronous manner, only after imaging pipe completion is control handed to the
* worker thread. Error output or error handling from within code executed here may or may not be
* safe in Matlab, so if one of these errors triggers, things may screw up in uncontrolled ways,
* ending in a hang or crash of Matlab/Octave. We try to catch most common errors outside the
* worker thread to minimize chance of this happening.
*
*/
void* PsychFlipperThreadMain(void* windowRecordToCast)
{
    int rc;
    psych_bool needWork;
    double tnow, lastvbl;
    int dummy1;
    double dummy2, dummy3, dummy4;
    int viewid = 0;
    psych_uint64 vblcount = 0;
    psych_uint64 vblqcount = 0;

    // Select async flip implementation: Old-Style -- One context for both master-thread and flipper-thread:
    psych_bool oldStyle = (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychUseOldStyleAsyncFlips) ? TRUE : FALSE;

    // Get a handle to our info structs: These pointers must not be NULL!!!
    PsychWindowRecordType*    windowRecord = (PsychWindowRecordType*) windowRecordToCast;
    PsychFlipInfoStruct*    flipRequest     = windowRecord->flipInfo;
    psych_bool useOpenML = ((PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode() == 4) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective));

    // Assign a name to ourselves, for debugging:
    PsychSetThreadName("ScreenFlipper");

    // Try to lock, block until available if not available:
    if ((rc=PsychLockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
        // This could potentially kill Matlab, as we're printing from outside the main interpreter thread.
        // Use fprintf() instead of the overloaded printf() (aka mexPrintf()) in the hope that we don't
        // wreak havoc -- maybe it goes to the system log, which should be safer...
        fprintf(stderr, "PTB-ERROR: In PsychFlipperThreadMain(): First mutex_lock in init failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));

        // Commit suicide with state "error, lock not held":
        flipRequest->flipperState = 5;
        return(NULL);
    }

    if (!oldStyle) {
        // We have our own dedicated OpenGL context for flip operations. Need to
        // attach to it. This attachment is permanent until the thread exits.
        // Add os-specific context binding here directly, as it is the only place
        // this is needed - not much of a point adding extra subfunctions for it
        // (yes, i know, this layering violation out of lazyness is lame!).

        #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX
            CGLSetCurrentContext(windowRecord->targetSpecific.glswapcontextObject);
        #endif

        #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX
            PsychLockDisplay();
            #ifndef PTB_USE_WAFFLE
                glXMakeCurrent(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext, windowRecord->targetSpecific.windowHandle, windowRecord->targetSpecific.glswapcontextObject);
            #else
                if (!waffle_make_current(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext, windowRecord->targetSpecific.windowHandle, windowRecord->targetSpecific.glswapcontextObject) &&
                    (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 0)) {
                        printf("\nPTB-ERROR: Failed to bind OpenGL context for async flip thread [%s]! This will end badly...\n", waffle_error_to_string(waffle_error_get_code()));
                }
            #endif
            PsychUnlockDisplay();
        #endif

        #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS
            wglMakeCurrent(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext, windowRecord->targetSpecific.glswapcontextObject);
        #endif

        // Enable vsync'ed bufferswaps on our private OpenGL glswapcontext:
        PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(windowRecord, 1);
    }

    // Are we supposed to use sRGB rendering and blending on capable framebuffers? Enable, if so:
    if (windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychEnableSRGBRendering)
        glEnable(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB);

    // We have a special dispatch loop for our home-grown frame-sequential stereo implementation:
    if (windowRecord->stereomode != kPsychFrameSequentialStereo) {
        // Set our state as "initialized, ready & waiting":
        flipRequest->flipperState = 1;

        // Standard dispatch loop: Repeats infinitely, processing one flip request per loop iteration.
        // Well, not infinitely, but until we receive a shutdown request and terminate ourselves...
        while (TRUE) {
            // EGL-backed windows need special treatment:
            if (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsEGLWindow) {
                // We must unbind our context, so the masterthread can bind its context(s) to our EGL backing surface
                // in order to perform rendering, even without imaging pipeline active, ie. to regular backbuffer:
                PsychOSUnsetGLContext(windowRecord);
            }

            // Unlock the lock and go to sleep, waiting on the condition variable for a start signal from
            // the master thread. This is an atomic operation, both unlock and sleep happen simultaneously.
            // After a wakeup due to signalling, the lock is automatically reacquired, so no need to mutex_lock
            // anymore. This is also a thread cancellation point...
            if ((rc=PsychWaitCondition(&(flipRequest->flipperGoGoGo), &(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
                // Failed: Log it in a hopefully not too unsafe way:
                fprintf(stderr, "PTB-ERROR: In PsychFlipperThreadMain():  pthread_cond_wait() on flipperGoGoGo trigger failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));

                // Commit suicide with state "error, lock not held":
                flipRequest->flipperState = 5;

                // Make sure our thread detaches from its private OpenGL context before it dies:
                PsychOSUnsetGLContext(windowRecord);

                // Die!
                return(NULL);
            }

            // Got woken up, work to do! We have the lock from auto-reaquire in cond_wait:

            // Check if we are supposed to terminate:
            if (flipRequest->opmode == -1) {
                // We shall terminate: We are not waiting on the flipperGoGoGo variable.
                // We hold the mutex, so set us to state "terminating with lock held" and exit the loop:
                flipRequest->flipperState = 4;
                break;
            }

            // Got the lock: Set our state to "executing - flip in progress":
            flipRequest->flipperState = 2;

            // fprintf(stdout, "WAITING UNTIL T = %f\n", flipRequest->flipwhen); fflush(NULL);

            // Setup context etc. manually, as PsychSetDrawingTarget() is a no-op when called from
            // this thread:
            if (oldStyle) {
                // Old style method: Attach to context - It's detached in the main thread:
                PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);
            }
            else if (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsEGLWindow) {
                // New style method: For EGL backend on Linux + Waffle, we need to rebind
                // our swap context to the windows EGL backing surface, knowing the master
                // thread doesn't have the surface bound and won't bind it until we're fully
                // done with the swap:
                #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX
                    PsychLockDisplay();
                    #ifdef PTB_USE_WAFFLE
                        if (!waffle_make_current(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext, windowRecord->targetSpecific.windowHandle, windowRecord->targetSpecific.glswapcontextObject) &&
                            (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 0)) {
                            printf("\nPTB-ERROR: Failed to rebind OpenGL context for async flip thread [%s]! This will end badly...\n", waffle_error_to_string(waffle_error_get_code()));
                        }
                    #endif
                    PsychUnlockDisplay();
                #endif
            }

            // Setup view: We set the full backbuffer area of the window.
            PsychSetupView(windowRecord, TRUE);

            // Nothing more to do, the system backbuffer is bound, no FBO's are set at this point.

            // Unpack struct and execute synchronous flip: Synchronous in our thread, asynchronous from Matlabs/Octaves perspective!
            flipRequest->vbl_timestamp = PsychFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord, flipRequest->multiflip, flipRequest->vbl_synclevel, flipRequest->dont_clear, flipRequest->flipwhen, &(flipRequest->beamPosAtFlip), &(flipRequest->miss_estimate), &(flipRequest->time_at_flipend), &(flipRequest->time_at_onset));

            // Flip finished and struct filled with return arguments.
            // Set our state to 3 aka "flip operation finished, ready for new commands":
            flipRequest->flipperState = 3;

            // Detach our GL context, so main interpreter thread can use it again. This will also unbind any bound FBO's.
            // As there wasn't any drawing target bound throughout our execution, and the drawingtarget was reset to
            // NULL in main thread before our invocation, there's none bound now. --> The first Screen command in
            // the main thread will rebind and setup the context and drawingtarget properly:
            if (oldStyle) {
                PsychOSUnsetGLContext(windowRecord);
            }
            else {
                // We must glFinish() here, to make sure all rendering commands submitted
                // by our OpenGL context are finished before we signal async-flip completion
                // to masterthread, ie., before we unblock a Screen('AsyncFlipEnd') etc.
                // If we omitted this, those usercode commands would no longer act as barriers
                // and we might race with userspace rendering that thinks it has exclusive access
                // to the drawing buffer:
                glFinish();

                // Need to unbind any FBO's in old context before switch, otherwise bad things can happen...
                if (glBindFramebufferEXT) glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);
            }

            //fprintf(stdout, "DETACHED, CONDWAIT\n"); fflush(NULL);

            // Repeat the dispatch loop. That will atomically unlock the lock and set us asleep until we
            // get triggered again with more work to do:
        }
        // Exit from standard dispatch loop.
    }
    else {
        // Frame-Sequential stereo dispatch loop: Repeats infinitely, processing one flip request or stereo buffer swap per loop iteration.
        // Well, not infinitely, but until we receive a shutdown request and terminate ourselves...

        // Setup view: We set the full backbuffer area of the window.
        PsychSetupView(windowRecord, TRUE);

        // Set our state as "initialized and ready":
        flipRequest->flipperState = 6;

        PsychUnlockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock));
        needWork = TRUE;

        // Dispatch loop:
        while (TRUE) {
            // Do we need a new flip work item? If so, can we get the lock to check it?
            if (needWork && (PsychTryLockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)) == 0)) {
                // Need new work and got lock.

                // Check if we are supposed to terminate:
                if (flipRequest->opmode == -1) {
                    // We shall terminate: We are not waiting on the flipperGoGoGo variable.
                    // We hold the mutex, so set us to state "terminating with lock held" and exit the loop:
                    flipRequest->flipperState = 4;
                    break;
                }

                // New work available?
                if (flipRequest->flipperState == 1) {
                    // Yes: We have work and we have the mutex until we are
                    // done with the work.
                    needWork = FALSE;

                    // Set our state to "executing - flip in progress":
                    flipRequest->flipperState = 2;
                }
                else {
                    // No: Release the lock, so master has a chance to give us new work:
                    PsychUnlockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock));
                }
            }

            // Are we past the deadline for pending flip work?
            PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tnow);

            // Update our vblank counter: On Linux and OS/X we can query the actual
            // gpu counter. On Windows, manual increments after each completed swap
            // must do as a less reliable replacement. Anyway we dynamically check this:
            PsychOSGetVBLTimeAndCount(windowRecord, &vblqcount);
            if (vblqcount > 0) vblcount = vblqcount;

            // For performing a "virtual bufferswap" we need a swaprequest to be pending, and the flipwhen deadline being
            // reached, and we need to be on the proper field -- so left-eye stims start always at even (or odd) fields,
            // at the users discretion:
            if (!needWork && (tnow >= flipRequest->flipwhen) &&
                ((windowRecord->targetFlipFieldType == -1) || (((vblcount + 1) % 2) == (psych_uint64) windowRecord->targetFlipFieldType))) {
                // Yes: Time to update the backbuffers with our finalizedFBOs and do
                // properly scheduled/timestamped bufferswaps:

                // viewid = Which eye to select for first stereo frame. 0 == Predicted stereo frame onset on
                // even vblank count -> Choose left-view buffer [0] first. 1 == Onset on odd vblank count -->
                // choose right-view buffer [1] first.
                viewid = (int) ((vblcount + 1) % 2);

                // Copy viewid-view fbo to backbuffer.
                // This sets up its viewports, texture and fbo bindings and restores them to pre-exec state:
                PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychIdentityBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->finalizedFBO[viewid]]), NULL,
                                         &(windowRecord->fboTable[0]), NULL);

                // Execute synchronous flip to make it the frontbuffer: This resets the framebuffer binding to 0 at exit:
                flipRequest->vbl_timestamp = PsychFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord, 0, 0, 2, flipRequest->flipwhen, &(flipRequest->beamPosAtFlip),
                                                                    &(flipRequest->miss_estimate), &(flipRequest->time_at_flipend), &(flipRequest->time_at_onset));

                // Trigger an update of the shutters of potentially connected stereo goggles:
                PsychTriggerShutterGoggles(windowRecord, viewid);

                // Maintain virtual vblank counter on platforms where we need it:
                vblcount++;

                // Copy non-viewid-view fbo to backbuffer.
                // This sets up its viewports, texture and fbo bindings and restores them to pre-exec state:
                PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychIdentityBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->finalizedFBO[1-viewid]]), NULL,
                                         &(windowRecord->fboTable[0]), NULL);

                // We glFinish() here, to make sure all rendering commands submitted
                // by our OpenGL context are finished. This means the finalizedFBOs are
                // "used up" for this redraw cycle and ready for refill by the masterthread:
                glFinish();

                // "Double-Flip" is now on its way to finish and struct is filled with return arguments.
                // The buffers now contain the new left/right view images and can be simply exchanged
                // periodically to provide a "static" frame-sequential stimulus to the observer.

                // Set our state to 3 aka "flip operation finished, ready for new commands":
                flipRequest->flipperState = 3;

                // Compute swap deadline for onset of 2nd view (right eye):
                tnow = flipRequest->flipwhen + windowRecord->VideoRefreshInterval;

                // We can release the lock already to unblock the client code on the masterthread,
                // as it already has access to all timestamps and status information and can start
                // rendering into the client framebuffers (drawBufferFBOs) already. It could even
                // already perform new preflip operations, as we're done with the finalizedFBOs:
                PsychUnlockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock));

                // Execute synchronous flip to make it the frontbuffer: This resets the framebuffer binding to 0 at exit:
                PsychFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord, 0, 0, 2, tnow, &dummy1, &dummy2, &dummy3, &dummy4);

                // Trigger an update of the shutters of potentially connected stereo goggles:
                viewid = 1 - viewid;
                PsychTriggerShutterGoggles(windowRecord, viewid);

                // Maintain virtual vblank counter on platforms where we need it:
                vblcount++;

                // Ready to accept new work:
                needWork = TRUE;

                // Restart at beginning of dispatch while-loop:
                continue;
            }

            // Ok, either swap deadline for client triggered flip not yet close,
            // or nothing to do from client side. Idle swap handling...

            // Get estimate of last vblank time of swap completion:
            lastvbl = windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl;

            // Estimate next vblank deadline: Safety headroom is 0.5 refresh cycles.
            lastvbl += windowRecord->VideoRefreshInterval / 2;

            // Time for a swap request?
            if (tnow >= lastvbl) {
                // Trigger a doublebuffer swap in sync with vblank:
                PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord);

                // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
                PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord);

                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 10) {
                    printf("PTB-DEBUG: Idle-Swap tnow = %f >= deadline = %f  delta = %f  [lastvbl = %f]\n", tnow, lastvbl, tnow - lastvbl, windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl);
                }

                // Wait for swap completion, so we get an updated vblank time estimate:
                if (!(useOpenML && (PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(windowRecord, 0, &(windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl)) >= 0))) {
                    // OpenML swap completion timestamping unsupported, disabled, or failed.
                    // Use our standard trick instead.
                    PsychWaitPixelSyncToken(windowRecord, FALSE);
                    PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&(windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl));
                }

                // Trigger an update of the shutters of potentially connected stereo goggles:
                viewid = 1 - viewid;
                PsychTriggerShutterGoggles(windowRecord, viewid);

                // Maintain virtual vblank counter on platforms where we need it:
                vblcount++;
            } else {
                // Nope. Need to sleep a bit here to kill some time:
                PsychYieldIntervalSeconds(0.001);
            }

            // Next dispatch loop iteration...
        }
        // Exit from frame-sequential stereo dispatch loop.
    }

    // Exit path from thread at thread termination...

    // Make sure our thread detaches from its private OpenGL context before it dies:
    PsychOSUnsetGLContext(windowRecord);

    // Need to unlock the mutex:
    if (flipRequest->flipperState == 4) {
        if ((rc=PsychUnlockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
            // This could potentially kill Matlab, as we're printing from outside the main interpreter thread.
            // Use fprintf() instead of the overloaded printf() (aka mexPrintf()) in the hope that we don't
            // wreak havoc -- maybe it goes to the system log, which should be safer...
            fprintf(stderr, "PTB-ERROR: In PsychFlipperThreadMain(): Last mutex_unlock in termination failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));

            // Commit suicide with state "error, lock not held":
            flipRequest->flipperState = 5;
            return(NULL);
        }
    }

    // Ok, we're not blocked on condition variable and we've unlocked the lock (or at least, did our best to do so),
    // and set the termination state: Go and die peacefully...
    return(NULL);
}

/*    PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect()
 *
 *    This is a wrapper around PsychFlipWindowBuffers(); which gets all flip request parameters
 *    passed in a struct PsychFlipInfoStruct, decodes that struct, calls the PsychFlipWindowBuffers()
 *    accordingly, then encodes the returned flip results into the struct.
 *
 *    This method not only allows synchronous flips - in which case it has the same behaviour
 *    as PsychFlipWindowBuffers(), just with struct parameters - but also asynchronous flips:
 *    In that case, the flip request is just scheduled for later async, parallel execution by
 *    a background helper thread. Another invocation allows to retrieve the results of that
 *    flip synchronously.
 *
 *    This is the preferred method of calling flips from userspace, used in SCREENFlip.c for
 *    standard Screen('Flips'), but also for async Screen('FlipAsyncStart') and Screen('FlipAsyncEnd').
 *
 *    The passed windowRecord of the onscreen window to flip must contain a PsychFlipInfoStruct*
 *    flipRequest with all neccessary info for the flip parameters and the fields in which result
 *    shall be returned, as well as the datastructures for thread/mutex/cond locking etc...
 *
 *    flipRequest->opmode can be one of:
 *    0 = Execute Synchronous flip, 1 = Start async flip, 2 = Finish async flip, 3 = Poll for finish of async flip.
 *
 *    *   Synchronous flips are performed without changing the mutex lock flipRequest->performFlipLock. We check if
 *        there are not flip ops scheduled or executing for the window, then simply execute the flip and return its
 *        results, if none are active.
 *
 *    *   Asynchronous flips are always started with the flipInfo struct setup with all needed parameters and
 *        the performFlipLock locked on triggering the worker thread: Either because we create the thread at
 *        first invocation and acquire the lock just before initial trigger, or because we are initiating a flip
 *        after a previous successfull and finished async flip -- in which case we come from there with the lock
 *        held. Also the worker thread is waiting on the flipperGoGoGo condition variable.
 *
 *    *   Async flips are finalized or polled for finalization (and then finalized on poll success) by entering with
 *        the lock not held, so we need to lock->check->unlock (in not ready yet case) or lock->check->finalize in
 *        success case - in which case we leave with the worker thread waiting on the flipperGoGoGo for new work and
 *        our performFlipLock held -- Just as we want it for the next async flip invocation.
 *
 *  More important stuff:
 *
 *    *   Code executing in the PsychFlipperThreadMain() worker thread is not allowed to print anything to the
 *        Matlab/Octave console, alloate or deallocate memory or other stuff that might interact with the runtime
 *        environment Matlab or Octave. We don't know if they are thread-safe, but assume they are not!
 *
 *    *   Error handling as well as clear Screen and Screen('Close', window) or Screen('CloseAll') all trigger
 *        PsychCloseWindow() for the onscreen window, which in turn triggers cleanup in PsychReleaseFlipInfoStruct().
 *        That routine must not only release the struct, but also make absolutely sure that our thread gets cancelled
 *        or signalled to exit and joined, then destroyed and all mutexes unlocked and destroyed!!!
 *
 *    *   The master interpreter thread must detach from the PTB internal OpenGL context for the windowRecord and
 *        not reattach until an async flip is finished! PsychSetGLContext() contains appropriate checking code:
 *        Only one thread is allowed to attach to a specific context, so we must basically lock that ressource as
 *        long as our flipperThread needs it to perform preflip,bufferswap and timestamping, postflip operations...
 *
 *    *   The userspace OpenGL context is not so critical in theory, but we protect that one as well, as it is a
 *        separate context, so no problems from the OpenGL/OS expected (multiple threads can have multiple contexts
 *        attached, as long as each context only has one thread attached), but both contexts share the same drawable
 *        and therefore the same backbuffer. That could prevent bufferswaps at requested deadline/VSYNC because some
 *        usercode rasterizes into the backbuffer and subverts our preflip operations...
 *
 *    Returns success state: TRUE on success, FALSE on error.
 *
 */
psych_bool PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    int rc;
    PsychFlipInfoStruct* flipRequest;

    if (NULL == windowRecord) PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "NULL-Ptr for windowRecord passed in PsychFlipWindowsIndirect()!!");

    flipRequest = windowRecord->flipInfo;
    if (NULL == flipRequest) PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "NULL-Ptr for 'flipRequest' field of windowRecord passed in PsychFlipWindowsIndirect()!!");

    // Synchronous flip requested?
    if ((flipRequest->opmode == 0) && (windowRecord->stereomode != kPsychFrameSequentialStereo)) {
        // Yes. Any pending operation in progress?
        if (flipRequest->asyncstate != 0) PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "Tried to invoke synchronous flip while flip still in progress!");

        // Unpack struct and execute synchronous flip:
        flipRequest->vbl_timestamp = PsychFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord, flipRequest->multiflip, flipRequest->vbl_synclevel, flipRequest->dont_clear, flipRequest->flipwhen, &(flipRequest->beamPosAtFlip), &(flipRequest->miss_estimate), &(flipRequest->time_at_flipend), &(flipRequest->time_at_onset));

        // Call hookchain with callbacks to be performed after successfull flip completion:
        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychScreenFlipImpliedOperations, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

        // Done, and all return values filled in struct. We leave asyncstate at its zero setting, ie., idle and simply return:
        return(TRUE);
    }

    // Asynchronous flip mode, either request to trigger one or request to finalize one:
    if ((flipRequest->opmode == 1) || ((flipRequest->opmode == 0) && (windowRecord->stereomode == kPsychFrameSequentialStereo))) {
        // Async flip start request, or a sync flip turned into an async flip due to kPsychFrameSequentialStereo:
        if (flipRequest->asyncstate != 0) PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "Tried to invoke asynchronous flip while flip still in progress!");

        // Current multiflip > 0 implementation is not thread-safe, so we don't support this:
        if (flipRequest->multiflip != 0) PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user, "Using a non-zero 'multiflip' flag while starting an asynchronous flip! This is forbidden! Aborted.\n");

        if ((flipRequest->opmode == 0) && (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychUseOldStyleAsyncFlips)) {
            PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user, "Tried to use frame-sequential stereo mode while Screen('Preference', 'ConserveVRAM') setting kPsychUseOldStyleAsyncFlips is set! Forbidden!");
        }

        // PsychPreflip operations are not thread-safe due to possible callbacks into runtime interpreter thread
        // as part of hookchain processing when the imaging pipeline is enabled: We perform/trigger them here
        // before entering the async flip thread:
        PsychPreFlipOperations(windowRecord, flipRequest->dont_clear);

        // Tell Flip that pipeline - flushing has been done already to avoid redundant flush:
        windowRecord->PipelineFlushDone = TRUE;

        // ... and flush & finish the pipe:
        if (windowRecord->stereomode == kPsychFrameSequentialStereo) {
            // In frame sequential mode we need to glFinish() to make sure our
            // finalizedFBO's are really ready for immediate consumption without
            // blocking the stereo flipperThread, as that would glitch the left-right
            // eye alternating and break stereo:
            glFinish();
        }
        else {
            // For a regular async flip, a glFlush is good enough - it doesn't matter
            // if we block here, or if the flipperThread will eventually block on pending
            // rendering. However not blocking here might help some high-perf rendering to
            // get some more parallelism between gpu rendering and cpu processing in the
            // interpreter thread:
            glFlush();
        }

        // Detach from our OpenGL context:
        // This is important even with the new-style model, because it enforces
        // rebinding of our rendering context in PsychSetGLContext() at the first
        // operation that wants to touch this windowRecord or its children.
        // Rebinding will imply a validation to make sure rebinding is allowed
        // under the current mode of operation.
        //
        // It is also needed with EGL display backend, so we don't keep the
        // binding to the windows EGL surface during startup of flipperThread or
        // any execution of async flip. The thread must bind the surface exclusively
        // for it to work, at least while executing the async flip. frame-sequential
        // stereo mode handles it differently, see SCREENOpenWindow.c for explanation.
        //
        // Note: PsychPreflipOperations() has already made sure the drawing target is
        // backed up and warm-reset properly, so we can do a NULL cold reset here safely:
        PsychSetDrawingTarget(NULL);
        PsychOSUnsetGLContext(windowRecord);

        // First time async request? Threads already set up?
        if (flipRequest->flipperThread == (psych_thread) NULL) {
            // First time init: Need to startup flipper thread:

            // printf("IN THREADCREATE\n"); fflush(NULL);

            // Create & Init the two mutexes:
            if ((rc=PsychInitMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
                printf("PTB-ERROR: In Screen('FlipAsyncBegin'): PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(): Could not create performFlipLock mutex lock [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
                PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_system, "Insufficient system ressources for mutex creation as part of async flip setup!");
            }

            if ((rc=PsychInitCondition(&(flipRequest->flipperGoGoGo), NULL))) {
                printf("PTB-ERROR: In Screen('FlipAsyncBegin'): PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(): Could not create flipperGoGoGo condition variable [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
                PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_system, "Insufficient system ressources for condition variable creation as part of async flip setup!");
            }

            // Set initial thread state to "inactive, not initialized at all":
            flipRequest->flipperState = 0;

            // Setup for our own framesequential stereo implementation:
            if (windowRecord->stereomode == kPsychFrameSequentialStereo) {
                // Increment count of onscreen windows with our own threaded framesequential stereo mode active:
                frameSeqStereoActive++;

                // Perform setup of shutter goggle driver if needed:
                PsychSetupShutterGoggles(windowRecord, TRUE);
            }

            // Create and startup thread:
            if ((rc=PsychCreateThread(&(flipRequest->flipperThread), NULL, PsychFlipperThreadMain, (void*) windowRecord))) {
                printf("PTB-ERROR: In Screen('FlipAsyncBegin'): PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(): Could not create flipper  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
                PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_system, "Insufficient system ressources for thread creation as part of async flip setup!");
            }

            // Additionally try to schedule flipperThread MMCSS: This will lift it roughly into the
            // same scheduling range as HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS, even if we are non-admin users
            // on Vista and Windows-7 and later, however with a scheduler safety net applied.
            // For some braindead reasons, apparently only one thread can be scheduled in class 10,
            // so we need to make sure the masterthread is not MMCSS scheduled, otherwise our new
            // request will fail:
            if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS) {
                // On Windows, we have to set flipperThread to +2 RT priority levels while
                // throwing ourselves off RT priority scheduling. This is a brain-dead requirement
                // of Vista et al's MMCSS scheduler which only allows one of our threads being
                // scheduled like that :( -- Disable RT scheduling for ourselves (masterthread):
                PsychSetThreadPriority((psych_thread*) 0x1, 0, 0);
            }

            // Boost priority of flipperThread by 2 levels and switch it to RT scheduling,
            // unless it is already RT-Scheduled. As the thread inherited our scheduling
            // priority from PsychCreateThread(), we only need to +2 tweak it from there:
            // Note: On OS/X this means ultra-low latency non-preemptible operation (as we need), with up to
            // 3 msecs uninterrupted computation time out of 10 msecs if we really need it. Normally we can
            // get along with << 1 msec, but some pathetic cases of GPU driver bugs could drive it up to 3 msecs
            // in the async flipper thread:
            PsychSetThreadPriority(&(flipRequest->flipperThread), 10, 2);

            // The thread is started with flipperState == 0, ie., not "initialized and ready", the lock is unlocked.
            // First thing the thread will do is try to lock the lock, then set its flipperState to 1 == initialized and
            // ready, then init itself, then enter a wait on our flipperGoGoGo condition variable and atomically unlock
            // the lock.
            // We now need to try to acquire the lock, then - after we got it - check if we got it because we were faster
            // than the flipperThread and he didn't have a chance to get it (iff flipperState still == 0) - in which case
            // we need to release the lock, wait a bit and then retry a lock->check->sleep->unlock->... cycle. If we got it
            // because flipperState == 1 then this means the thread had the lock, initialized itself, set its state to ready
            // and went sleeping and releasing the lock (that's why we could lock it). In that case, the thread is ready to
            // do work for us and is just waiting for us. At that point we: a) Have the lock, b) can trigger the thread via
            // condition variable to do work for us. That's the condition we want and we can proceed as in the non-firsttimeinit
            // case...
            while (TRUE) {
                // Try to lock, block until available if not available:

                //printf("ENTERING THREADCREATEFINISHED MUTEX: MUTEX_LOCK\n"); fflush(NULL);

                if ((rc=PsychLockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: In Screen('FlipAsyncBegin'): PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(): First mutex_lock in init failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
                    PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_system, "Internal error or deadlock avoided as part of async flip setup!");
                }

                //printf("ENTERING THREADCREATEFINISHED MUTEX: MUTEX_LOCKED!\n"); fflush(NULL);

                // Got it! Check condition:
                if (flipRequest->flipperState == 1 || flipRequest->flipperState == 6) {
                    // Thread ready and we have the lock: Proceed...
                    break;
                }

                //printf("ENTERING THREADCREATEFINISHED MUTEX: MUTEX_UNLOCK\n"); fflush(NULL);

                if ((rc=PsychUnlockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: In Screen('FlipAsyncBegin'): PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(): First mutex_unlock in init failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
                    PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_system, "Internal error or deadlock avoided as part of async flip setup!");
                }

                //printf("ENTERING THREADCREATEFINISHED MUTEX: MUTEX_UNLOCKED\n"); fflush(NULL);

                // Thread not ready. Sleep a millisecond and repeat...
                PsychYieldIntervalSeconds(0.001);

                //printf("ENTERING THREADCREATEFINISHED MUTEX: RETRY\n"); fflush(NULL);
            }

            // End of first-time init for this windowRecord and its thread.

            // printf("FIRST TIME INIT DONE\n"); fflush(NULL);
        }

        // Our flipperThread is ready to do work for us (waiting on flipperGoGoGo condition variable) and
        // we have the lock on the flipRequest struct. The struct is already filled with all input parameters
        // for a flip request, so we can simply release our lock and signal the thread that it should do its
        // job:

        // Increment the counter asyncFlipOpsActive:
        asyncFlipOpsActive++;

        // printf("IN ASYNCSTART: MUTEXUNLOCK\n"); fflush(NULL);

        // This is only needed for frame-sequential thread mode:
        flipRequest->flipperState = 1;

        // Trigger the thread:
        if ((rc=PsychSignalCondition(&(flipRequest->flipperGoGoGo)))) {
            printf("PTB-ERROR: In Screen('FlipAsyncBegin'): PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(): pthread_cond_signal in trigger operation failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
            PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "This must not ever happen! PTB design bug or severe operating system or runtime environment malfunction!! Memory corruption?!?");
        }

        // Release the lock:
        if ((rc=PsychUnlockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
            printf("PTB-ERROR: In Screen('FlipAsyncBegin'): PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(): mutex_unlock in trigger operation failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
            PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "This must not ever happen! PTB design bug or severe operating system or runtime environment malfunction!! Memory corruption?!?");
        }

        // Scheduling regular async-flip as opposed to frame-seq stereo flip,
        // and EGL windowing backend active? If so we must prevent binding of
        // our masterthread contexts to the EGL backing surface of the window
        // while our async flipper thread has the surface bound:
        if ((windowRecord->stereomode != kPsychFrameSequentialStereo) && (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsEGLWindow)) {
            // Yes: Veto all EGL surface binds for this windowRecords regular contexts:
            windowRecord->specialflags |= kPsychSurfacelessContexts;
        }

        // That's it, operation in progress: Mark it as such.
        flipRequest->asyncstate = 1;

        // Done, unless this wasn't a real async flip. If this was a pseudo-sync-flip,
        // we fall through to finalization stage:
        if (flipRequest->opmode == 1) {
            // Was an async-flip begin: We´re done:
            return(TRUE);
        }
        else {
            // Was a sync flip turned into an async-flip begin for our
            // frame-sequential stereo implementation. Turn this into
            // a blocking wait for async-flip end and fall-through, so
            // we get the effective semantics of a classic sync-flip,
            // just executed indirectly by the flipperthread:
            flipRequest->opmode = 2;
        }
    }

    // Request to wait or poll for finalization of an async flip operation:
    if ((flipRequest->opmode == 2) || (flipRequest->opmode == 3)) {
        // Child protection:
        if (flipRequest->asyncstate != 1) PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "Tried to invoke end of an asynchronous flip although none is in progress!");

        // We try to get the lock, then check if flip is finished. If not, we need to wait
        // a bit and retry:
        while (TRUE) {
            if (flipRequest->opmode == 2) {
                // Blocking wait:
                // Try to lock, block until available if not available:

                //printf("END: MUTEX_LOCK\n"); fflush(NULL);

                if ((rc=PsychLockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: In Screen('AsyncFlipEnd'): PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(): mutex_lock in wait for finish failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
                    PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_system, "Internal error or deadlock avoided as part of async flip end!");
                }
            }
            else {
                // Polling mode:
                // Try to lock, return to caller if not available:
                if (PsychTryLockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)) > 0) return(FALSE);
            }

            // printf("END: MUTEX_LOCKED\n"); fflush(NULL);

            // Got it! Check condition:
            if (flipRequest->flipperState == 3) {
                // Thread finished with flip request execution, ready for new work and waiting for a trigger and we have the lock: Proceed...
                break;
            }

            //printf("END: NOTREADY MUTEX_UNLOCK\n"); fflush(NULL);

            // Not finished. Unlock:
            if ((rc=PsychUnlockMutex(&(flipRequest->performFlipLock)))) {
                printf("PTB-ERROR: In Screen('FlipAsyncBegin'): PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect(): mutex_unlock in wait/poll for finish failed  [%s].\n", strerror(rc));
                PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_system, "Internal error or deadlock avoided as part of async flip end!");
            }

            //printf("END: NOTREADY MUTEX_UNLOCKED\n"); fflush(NULL);

            if (flipRequest->opmode == 3) {
                // Polling mode: We just exit our polling op, so user code can retry later:
                return(FALSE);
            }

            //printf("END: RETRY\n"); fflush(NULL);

            // Waiting mode, need to repeat:
            // Thread not finished. Sleep a millisecond and repeat...
            PsychYieldIntervalSeconds(0.001);
        }

        //printf("END: SUCCESS\n"); fflush(NULL);

        // Ok, the thread is finished and ready for new work and waiting.
        // We have the lock as well.

        // Reset thread state to "initialized, ready and waiting" just as if it just started at first invocation:
        flipRequest->flipperState = 1;

        // Set flip state to finished:
        flipRequest->asyncstate = 2;

        // Decrement the asyncFlipOpsActive count:
        asyncFlipOpsActive--;

        if (windowRecord->stereomode == kPsychFrameSequentialStereo) {
            // Finalize frame-seq stereo flip: run post-flip ops:
            flipRequest->asyncstate = 0;
            PsychPostFlipOperations(windowRecord, flipRequest->dont_clear);
            flipRequest->asyncstate = 2;
        }
        else {
            // Finalize regular async-flip (== not frame-sequential stereo ops flip)

            // EGL-backed windows need special treatment:
            if (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsEGLWindow) {
                // The async thread has unbound its context. We unbind our context
                // to force a rebind. Why? Because if one of our contexts was bound
                // while the async flip was pending, it will have been bound without
                // attachment to the EGL framebuffer surface - this is needed for
                // multi-threaded flips to work on EGL. Now before we reenter regular
                // usercode driven rendering, we must rebind the context with attachment
                // to the EGL backing surface. Unbinding will automatically trigger this:
                PsychSetDrawingTarget((PsychWindowRecordType*) 0x1);
                PsychOSUnsetGLContext(windowRecord);

                // Remove our veto to all EGL surface binds for this windowRecords regular contexts:
                windowRecord->specialflags &= ~kPsychSurfacelessContexts;
            }
        }

        // Reset flags used for avoiding redundant Pipeline flushes and backbuffer-backups:
        // This flags are altered and checked by SCREENDrawingFinished() and PsychPreFlipOperations() as well:
        windowRecord->PipelineFlushDone = false;
        windowRecord->backBufferBackupDone = false;

        // Call hookchain with callbacks to be performed after successfull flip completion:
        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychScreenFlipImpliedOperations, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

        // Now we are in the same condition as after first time init. The thread is waiting for new work,
        // we hold the lock so we can read out the flipRequest struct or fill it with a new request,
        // and all information from the finalized flip is available in the struct.
        // We can return to our parent function with our result:
        return(TRUE);
    }

    return(TRUE);
}

#if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS
#undef strerror
#endif

/*
    PsychFlipWindowBuffers()

    Flip front and back buffers in sync with vertical retrace (VBL) and sync thread execution to VBL.
    Returns various timestamps related to sync to VBL, so experimenters can check proper
    syncing and presentation timing by themselves. Also contains an automatic "skipped frames"
    /"missed presentation deadline" detector, which is pretty reliable.
    Allows to not clear the framebuffer after flip, but keep it as before flip - allows
    incremental drawing of stims. Allows to flip not at next retrace, but at the retrace
    immediately after some deadline (spec'd in system time) has been reached.
    Optimizes rendering in collaboration with new SCREENDrawingFinished.c.

    Accepts:
    dont_clear flag: 0 = glClear after flip, 1 = restore backbuffer after flip, 2 = don't do anything.
    flipwhen: 0 = traditional flip (flip on next VBL), >0 flip at VBL immediately after time "flipwhen" has been reached.
             -1 = don't sync PTB's execution to VBL, aka sync stimulus onset to VBL but don't pause execution up to then
                  This also disables all timestamping and deadline checking code and makes synchronization of Matlabs
                  execution locked to the VBL impossible. -> Only useful for very special cases...

    Returns:
    double value VBL start time: Calculated time of VBL start (aka buffer swap) from timestamp, beamposition and IFI.
    beamPosAtFlip = Position of monitor scanning beam at time that timestamp was taken.
    miss_estimate = Estimate of how far we've missed our presentation deadline. >0 == No deadline-miss, < 0 == deadline-miss
    time_at_onset = Estimated time when stimulus onset, aka end of VBL, aka beamposition==0 occurs.
    time_at_flipend = Timestamp taken shortly before return of FlipWindowBuffers for benchmarking.

    Notes:

    The type of timestamping used depends on the 'VBLTimestampingMode' preference setting. Specific numbers
    select specific strategies. If a strategy is unsupported or found to be defective, a fallback strategy is
    tried and so on.

    Mode 4: Use OS-Builtin wait-for-swap-completion and timestamping if supported. On Linux this would be OpenML OML_sync_control.
    Mode 3: Use VBLANK IRQ timestamping - on Linux with OpenML or OS/X.
    Mode 2: Use mode 1 and 3 with consistency checking among both.
    Mode 1: Use beamposition timestamping.
    Mode 0: Use beamposition timestamping, but no VBLANK timestamping.
    Mode -1: Use raw timestamps.

    Fallback sequence, assuming mode 1, 2 or 4 is:

    4:   OS-Builtin (e.g., OpenML) --> Beamposition --> VBLANK --> Raw.
    3:   VBLANK --> Raw.
    2,1: Beamposition --> VBLANK --> Raw.
    0:   Beamposition --> Raw.
    -1:  Raw.

*/
double PsychFlipWindowBuffers(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord, int multiflip, int vbl_synclevel, int dont_clear, double flipwhen, int* beamPosAtFlip, double* miss_estimate, double* time_at_flipend, double* time_at_onset)
{
    int screenheight;
    GLint read_buffer, draw_buffer;
    unsigned char bufferstamp;
    const psych_bool vblsyncworkaround=false;  // Setting this to 'true' would enable some checking code. Leave it false by default.
    static unsigned char id=1;
    psych_bool sync_to_vbl;                 // Should we synchronize the CPU to vertical retrace?
    double tremaining;                      // Remaining time to flipwhen - deadline
    double tprescheduleswap;                // Time before os specific call to swap scheduling.
    CGDirectDisplayID displayID;            // Handle for our display - needed for beampos-query.
    double time_at_vbl=0;                   // Time (in seconds) when last Flip in sync with start of VBL happened.
    double currentflipestimate;             // Estimated video flip interval in seconds at current monitor frame rate.
    double currentrefreshestimate;          // Estimated video refresh interval in seconds at current monitor frame rate.
    double tshouldflip;                     // Deadline for a successfull flip. If time_at_vbl > tshouldflip --> Deadline miss!
    double slackfactor;                     // Slack factor for deadline miss detection.
    double vbl_startline;
    double vbl_endline;
    double vbl_lines_elapsed, onset_lines_togo;
    double vbl_time_elapsed;
    double onset_time_togo;
    psych_uint64 preflip_vblcount = 0;          // VBL counters and timestamps acquired from low-level OS specific routines.
    psych_uint64 postflip_vblcount = 0;         // Currently only supported on OS-X, but Linux/X11 implementation will follow.
    double preflip_vbltimestamp = -1;
    double postflip_vbltimestamp = -1;
    unsigned int vbltimestampquery_retrycount = 0;
    double time_at_swaprequest=0;            // Timestamp taken immediately before requesting buffer swap. Used for consistency checks.
    double time_post_swaprequest=0;            // Timestamp taken immediately after requesting buffer swap. Used for consistency checks.
    double time_at_swapcompletion=0;        // Timestamp taken after swap completion -- initially identical to time_at_vbl.
    int line_pre_swaprequest = -1;            // Scanline of display immediately before swaprequest.
    int line_post_swaprequest = -1;            // Scanline of display immediately after swaprequest.
    int min_line_allowed = 50;                // The scanline up to which "out of VBL" swaps are accepted: A fudge factor for broken drivers...
    psych_bool flipcondition_satisfied;
    psych_bool osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled = FALSE;        // Set to TRUE if PsychOSScheduleFlipWindowBuffers() has been successfully called.
    psych_bool must_wait = FALSE;                            // Set to TRUE if an active wait is absolutely needed, regardless of os specific flip scheduling.
    unsigned int targetSwapFlags;
    double targetWhen;            // Target time for OS-Builtin swap scheduling.
    double tSwapComplete;        // Swap completion timestamp for OS-Builtin timestamping.
    psych_int64 swap_msc;        // Swap completion vblank count for OS-Builtin timestamping.

    int vbltimestampmode = PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode();
    PsychWindowRecordType **windowRecordArray=NULL;
    int i;
    int numWindows=0;
    int verbosity;

    // Assign level of verbosity:
    verbosity = PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity();

    // We force verbosity to -1 (no output at all except for critical timestamping errors) if we're executing
    // from a background thread instead of the masterthread and verbosity is smaller than 11, because printing
    // from suchthreads can potentially cause bigger problems than not seeing status output:
    verbosity = (PsychIsMasterThread() || (verbosity > 10)) ? verbosity : ((verbosity > 0) ? -1 : 0);

    // Child protection:
    if (windowRecord->windowType!=kPsychDoubleBufferOnscreen)
        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal,"Attempt to swap a single window buffer");

    // Retrieve estimate of interframe flip-interval:
    if (windowRecord->nrIFISamples > 0) {
        currentflipestimate=windowRecord->IFIRunningSum / ((double) windowRecord->nrIFISamples);
    }
    else {
        // We don't have a valid estimate! This will screw up all timestamping, checking and waiting code!
        // It also indicates that syncing to VBL doesn't work!
        currentflipestimate=0;
        // We abort - This is too unsafe...
        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal,"Flip called, while estimate of monitor flip interval is INVALID -> Syncing trouble -> Aborting!");
    }

    // Retrieve estimate of monitor refresh interval:
    if (windowRecord->VideoRefreshInterval > 0) {
        currentrefreshestimate = windowRecord->VideoRefreshInterval;
    }
    else {
        currentrefreshestimate=0;
        // We abort - This is too unsafe...
        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal,"Flip called, while estimate of monitor refresh interval is INVALID -> Syncing trouble -> Aborting!");
    }

    // Setup reasonable slack-factor for deadline miss detector:
    if (((windowRecord->VBL_Endline!=-1) && (vbltimestampmode>=0) && (vbltimestampmode<=2)) ||
        ((vbltimestampmode == 4) && (!(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective) || (windowRecord->VBL_Endline!=-1)))) {
        // If beamposition queries work, or OpenML timestamping is supported and working, we use a tight value:
        slackfactor = 1.05;
    }
    else {
        // If beam position queries don't work, or are disabled, we use a "slacky" value:
        slackfactor = 1.2;
    }

    // Retrieve display id and screen size spec that is needed later...
    PsychGetCGDisplayIDFromScreenNumber(&displayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);
    screenheight=(int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(windowRecord->rect);
    vbl_startline = windowRecord->VBL_Startline;

    // Enable this windowRecords framebuffer as current drawingtarget: [No op on flipperthread!]
    PsychSetDrawingTarget(windowRecord);

    // Backup current assignment of read- writebuffers:
    glGetIntegerv(GL_READ_BUFFER, &read_buffer);
    glGetIntegerv(GL_DRAW_BUFFER, &draw_buffer);

    // Perform preflip-operations: Backbuffer backups for the different dontclear-modes
    // and special compositing operations for specific stereo algorithms...
    // These are not thread-safe! For async flip, this gets called in async flip start
    // while still on the main thread, so this call here turns into a no-op:
    PsychPreFlipOperations(windowRecord, dont_clear);

    // Special imaging mode active? in that case a FBO may be bound instead of the system framebuffer.
    if (windowRecord->imagingMode > 0) {
        // Reset our drawing engine: This will unbind any FBO's (i.e. reset to system framebuffer)
        // and reset the current target window to 'none'. We need this to be sure that our flip
        // sync pixel token is written to the real system backbuffer...
        // No-Op on flipperthread, but ok, because it always has system-fb bound.
        PsychSetDrawingTarget(NULL);
    }

    // Skip actual stimulus presentation to onscreen window this time?
    if (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipSwapForFlipOnce) {
        // Yes. So not wait-for-swapcompletion, timestamping, messing with vsync either:
        sync_to_vbl = false;    // No wait-for-swapcompletion, timestamping, checks.
        vbl_synclevel = 1;      // No touching of vsync settings - leave vsync "on".
        multiflip = 0;          // No multiflip.
    }
    else {
        // Presentation to onscreen window enabled. Enforce non-vsynced swap?
        if (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipVsyncForFlipOnce)
            vbl_synclevel = 2;

        // Should we sync to the onset of vertical retrace?
        // Note: Flipping the front- and backbuffers is nearly always done in sync with VBL on
        // a double-buffered setup. sync_to_vbl specs, if the application should wait for
        // the VBL to start before continuing execution.
        sync_to_vbl = (vbl_synclevel == 0 || vbl_synclevel == 3) ? true : false;

        // One-time disable of wait for swapcompletion + timestamping + timing checks requested?
        if (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipTimestampingForFlipOnce)
            sync_to_vbl = false;

        if (vbl_synclevel==2) {
            // We are requested to flip immediately, instead of syncing to VBL. Disable VBL-Sync.
            PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(windowRecord, 0);
            // Disable also for a slave window, if any. Unsupported for async flips.
            if (windowRecord->slaveWindow && PsychIsMasterThread()) PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(windowRecord->slaveWindow, 0);
        }
        else {
            // The horror of Apple OS/X: Do a redundant call to enable vsync on the async
            // glswapcontext for async flips despite vsync is already enabled on that context.
            // Otherwise vsync will fail -- Bug found on 10.4.11:
            if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX) && !PsychIsMasterThread()) PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(windowRecord, 1);
        }
    }

    if (multiflip > 0) {
        // Experimental Multiflip requested. Build list of all onscreen windows...
        // CAUTION: This is not thread-safe in the Matlab/Octave environment, due to
        // callbacks into Matlabs/Octaves memory managment from a non-master thread!
        // --> multiflip > 0 is not allowed for async flips!!!
        PsychCreateVolatileWindowRecordPointerList(&numWindows, &windowRecordArray);
    }

    if (multiflip == 2) {
        // Disable VBL-Sync for all onscreen windows except our primary one:
        for( i = 0; i < numWindows; i++) {
            if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecordArray[i]) && (windowRecordArray[i]!=windowRecord)) {
                PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(windowRecordArray[i], 0);
            }
        }
    }

    // PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel() above may have switched the OpenGL context. Make sure our context is bound:
    // No-Op on flipperthread, but safe, because PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel() doesn't switch contexts there:
    PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);

    // Reset color write mask to "all enabled"
    glColorMask(GL_TRUE,GL_TRUE,GL_TRUE,GL_TRUE);

    // Reset viewport, projection etc. to full window backbuffer:
    PsychSetupView(windowRecord, TRUE);

    // Part 1 of workaround- /checkcode for syncing to vertical retrace:
    if (vblsyncworkaround) {
        glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
        glRasterPos2f(0, (GLfloat) screenheight);
        glDrawPixels(1,1,GL_RED,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &id);
    }

    // Update of hardware gamma table in sync with flip requested?
    if ((windowRecord->inRedTable) && (windowRecord->loadGammaTableOnNextFlip > 0) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipSwapForFlipOnce)) {
        // Yes! Call the update routine now. It should schedule the actual update for
        // the same VSYNC to which our bufferswap will lock. "Should" means, we have no
        // way of checking programmatically if it really worked, only via our normal deadline
        // miss detector. If we are running under M$-Windows then loading the hw-gamma table
        // will block our execution until next retrace. Then it will upload the new gamma table.
        // Therefore we need to disable sync of bufferswaps to VBL, otherwise we would swap only
        // one VBL after the table update -> out of sync by one monitor refresh!
        if (PSYCH_SYSTEM==PSYCH_WINDOWS) PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(windowRecord, 0);

        // We need to wait for render-completion here, otherwise hw-gamma table update and
        // bufferswap could get out of sync due to unfinished rendering commands which would
        // defer the bufferswap, but not the clut update.
        glFinish();

        // Pipeline flush done by glFinish(), avoid redundant pipeline flushes:
        windowRecord->PipelineFlushDone = TRUE;

        // Make sure the waiting code below is executed, regardless if any special os specific
        // methods for swap scheduling are used. We need to emit the gamma table load command
        // in the target refresh interval before the expected bufferswap time:
        must_wait = TRUE;
    }
    else {
        // Need to sync the pipeline, if this special workaround is active to get good timing:
        if ((PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychBusyWaitForVBLBeforeBufferSwapRequest) || (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychBusyWaitForVBLBeforeBufferSwapRequest)) {
            glFinish();

            // Pipeline flush done by glFinish(), avoid redundant pipeline flushes:
            windowRecord->PipelineFlushDone = TRUE;
        }
    }

    // Make sure the waiting code below is executed, regardless if any special os specific
    // methods for swap scheduling are used if the special PreSwapBuffersOperations hookchain
    // is enabled and contains commands. The semantic of this hookchain is to execute immediately
    // before the bufferswap, so we need to to wait until immediately before the expected swap:
    if (PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, kPsychPreSwapbuffersOperations) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce))
        must_wait = TRUE;

    // Setup and execution of OS specific swap scheduling mechanisms, e.g., OpenML OML_sync_control
    // extensions:

    // Don't use absolute vbl or (divisor,remainder) constraint by default:
    targetSwapFlags = 0;

    // Request flip at exactly tWhen if fine-grained onset scheduling is requested for this window,
    // subject to the required hardware + OS support:
    if (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychUseFineGrainedOnset)
        targetSwapFlags |= 4;

    // Swap at a specific video field (even or odd) requested, e.g., to select the target field
    // in a frame-sequential stereo presentations setup and thereby the specific eye for stimulus
    // onset?
    if ((windowRecord->targetFlipFieldType != -1) && (windowRecord->stereomode != kPsychFrameSequentialStereo)) {
        // Yes. Map it to swapflags: 0/1 maps to 1/2 aka even/odd frame:
        targetSwapFlags |= (windowRecord->targetFlipFieldType == 0) ? 1 : 2;
    }

    // Get reference time:
    PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tremaining);
    tprescheduleswap = tremaining;

    // Pausing until a specific deadline requested?
    if (flipwhen > 0) {
        // Make sure the requested onset time is no more than 1000 seconds in the future,
        // otherwise we assume it is a coding error in usercode:
        if (flipwhen - tremaining > 1000) {
            PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user, "\nYou specified a 'when' value to Flip that's over 1000 seconds in the future?!? Aborting, assuming that's an error.\n\n");
        }

        // Assign flipwhen as target swap time:
        targetWhen = flipwhen;
    }
    else {
        // Assign a time 1 second in the past as target swap time, so
        // an immediate (asap) swap is triggered:
        targetWhen = tremaining - 1.0;
    }

    // Invalidate target swapbuffer count values. Will get set to useful values
    // if PsychOSScheduleFlipWindowBuffers() succeeds:
    windowRecord->target_sbc = 0;
    if (windowRecord->slaveWindow) windowRecord->slaveWindow->target_sbc = 0;

    // Emit swap scheduling commands:
    // These are allowed to fail, due to some error condition or simply because this
    // function isn't supported on a given platform or configuration. Set our status
    // flag to TRUE, optimistically assuming it will work out. We reset to FALSE if
    // any of the involved commands fail:
    osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled = TRUE;

    // Clever swap scheduling is incompatible with the users desire to a) not swap at all, and b) to not perform swap scheduling
    // inside Screen() at all, aka kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce.
    if (!(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipSwapForFlipOnce) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce)) {
        // Schedule swap on main window:
        if ((swap_msc = PsychOSScheduleFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord, targetWhen, 0, 0, 0, targetSwapFlags)) < 0) {
            // Scheduling failed or unsupported!
            if ((swap_msc < -1) && (verbosity > 1)) {
                printf("PTB-WARNING: PsychOSScheduleFlipWindowBuffers() FAILED: errorcode = %i, targetWhen = %f, targetSwapFlags = %i.\n", (int) swap_msc, (float) targetWhen, (int) targetSwapFlags);
            }

            osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled = FALSE;
        }

        // Also schedule the slave window, if any and if scheduling so far worked:
        if ((windowRecord->slaveWindow) && (osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled) &&
            ((swap_msc = PsychOSScheduleFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord->slaveWindow, targetWhen, 0, 0, 0, targetSwapFlags)) < 0)) {
            // Scheduling failed or unsupported!
            osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled = FALSE;

            // Big deal here: Because it worked on the master, but failed on the slave, we now
            // have an inconsistent situation and can't do anything about it, except warn user
            // of trouble ahead:
            if (verbosity > 1) {
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Scheduling a bufferswap on slave window of dual-window pair FAILED after successfull scheduling on masterwindow!\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Expect complete loss of sync between windows and other severe visual- and timing-artifacts!\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: PsychOSScheduleFlipWindowBuffers() FAILED: errorcode = %i, targetWhen = %f, targetSwapFlags = %i.\n", (int) swap_msc, (float) targetWhen, (int) targetSwapFlags);
            }
        }

        // Multiflip with vbl-sync requested and scheduling worked so far?
        if ((multiflip == 1) && (osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled)) {
            for(i = 0; (i < numWindows) && (osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled); i++) {
                if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecordArray[i]) && (windowRecordArray[i] != windowRecord)) {
                    if (PsychOSScheduleFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecordArray[i], targetWhen, 0, 0, 0, targetSwapFlags) < 0) {
                        // Scheduling failed or unsupported!
                        osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled = FALSE;

                        // Big deal here: Because it worked on the master, but failed on the slave, we now
                        // have an inconsistent situation and can't do anything about it, except warn user
                        // of trouble ahead:
                        if (verbosity > 1) {
                            printf("PTB-WARNING: Scheduling a bufferswap on some secondary window of a multi-window flip operation FAILED after successfull schedule on masterwindow!\n");
                            printf("PTB-WARNING: Expect complete loss of sync between windows and other severe visual- and timing-artifacts!\n");
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled = FALSE;
    }

    // Pausing until a specific deadline requested?
    if (flipwhen > 0) {
        // We shall not swap at next VSYNC, but at the VSYNC immediately following the
        // system time "flipwhen". This is the premium version of the old WaitBlanking... ;-)

        // Calculate deadline for a successfull flip: If time_at_vbl is later than that,
        // it means that we missed the proper video refresh cycle:
        tshouldflip = flipwhen;

        if (!(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipSwapForFlipOnce)) {
            // Adjust target time for potential OS-specific compositor delay:
            flipwhen = PsychOSAdjustForCompositorDelay(windowRecord, flipwhen, FALSE);
        }

        // Some time left until deadline 'flipwhen'?
        PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tremaining);
        if ((flipwhen - tremaining) > 0) {
            // Child protection against people specifying a flipwhen that's infinite, e.g.,
            // via wrong ifi calculation in Matlab: if a flipwhen more than 1000 secs.
            // in the future is specified, we just assume this is an error...
            if (flipwhen - tremaining > 1000) {
                PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user, "\nYou specified a 'when' value to Flip that's over 1000 seconds in the future?!? Aborting, assuming that's an error.\n\n");
            }

            // We only wait here until 'flipwhen' deadline is reached if this isn't a
            // system with OS specific swapbuffers scheduling support, or if OS specific
            // scheduling failed, or a special condition requires us to wait anyway:
            if ((!osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled || must_wait) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce)) {
                // We force the rendering pipeline to finish all pending OpenGL operations,
                // so we can be sure that swapping at VBL will be as fast as possible.
                // Btw: glFlush() is not recommended by Apple, but in this specific case
                // it makes sense (MK). We avoid this redundant flush, if a pipeline flush has
                // been already done by other routines, e.g, SCREENDrawingFinished.
                if (!windowRecord->PipelineFlushDone) glFlush();

                // We'll sleep - and hope that the OS will wake us up in time, if the remaining waiting
                // time is more than 0 milliseconds. This way, we don't burn up valuable CPU cycles by
                // busy waiting and don't get punished by the overload detection of the OS:
                PsychWaitUntilSeconds(flipwhen);
            }
        }
        // At this point, we are less than one video refresh interval away from the deadline - the next
        // VBL will be the one we want to flip at. Leave the rest of the job to CGLFlushDrawable...
    }
    else {
        // We should lock to next possible VSYNC:
        // Calculate deadline for a successfull flip on next VSYNC: If time_at_vbl is later than that,
        // it means that we missed the proper video refresh cycle:
        PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tshouldflip);
    }

    // Do we know the exact system time when a VBL happened in the past?
    if ((windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl > 0) && (currentflipestimate > 0)) {
        // Yes! We use this as a base-line time to compute from the current time a virtual deadline,
        // which is at the beginning of the current monitor refresh interval.
        //
        // As long as we do synchronous Flips (sync_to_vbl == true - PTB blocks until VBL onset),
        // we should have a valid time_at_last_vbl, so this mechanism works.
        // Only on the *very first* invocation of Flip either after PTB-Startup or after a non-blocking
        // Flip, we can't do this because the time_at_last_vbl timestamp isn't available...
        tshouldflip = windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl + ((floor((tshouldflip - windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl) / currentflipestimate)) * currentflipestimate);

        // Make sure we don't go into the past with tshouldflip if time_at_last_vbl is
        // in the future, e.g., because it is == stimulus onset, not start of vblank:
        if (tshouldflip < windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl)
            tshouldflip = windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl;
    }

    // Calculate final deadline for deadline-miss detection:
    tshouldflip = tshouldflip + slackfactor * currentflipestimate;

    if (!(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipSwapForFlipOnce)) {
        // Low level queries to the driver:
        // We query the timestamp and count of the last vertical retrace. This is needed for
        // correctness checking and timestamp computation on gfx-hardware without beamposition
        // queries (IntelMacs as of OS/X 10.4.10).
        // In frame-sequential stereo mode it also allows to lock bufferswaps either to even
        // or odd video refresh intervals (if windowRecord->targetFlipFieldType specifies this).
        // That way one can require stereo stimulus onset with either the left eye view or the
        // right eye view, depending on flip field selection. In other stereo modes or mono
        // mode one usually doesn't care about onset in even or odd fields.
        flipcondition_satisfied = FALSE;
        do {
            // Query driver:
            preflip_vbltimestamp = PsychOSGetVBLTimeAndCount(windowRecord, &preflip_vblcount);

            // Check if ready for flip, ie. if the proper even/odd video refresh cycle is approaching or
            // if we don't care about this, or if care has been taken already by osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled:
            flipcondition_satisfied = (windowRecord->stereomode == kPsychFrameSequentialStereo) || (windowRecord->targetFlipFieldType == -1) ||
                                        (preflip_vblcount == 0) || (((preflip_vblcount + 1) % 2) == (psych_uint64) windowRecord->targetFlipFieldType) ||
                                        (osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled && !must_wait) || (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce);
            // If in wrong video cycle, we simply sleep a millisecond, then retry...
            if (!flipcondition_satisfied) PsychWaitIntervalSeconds(0.001);
        } while (!flipcondition_satisfied);

        // Take a measurement of the beamposition at time of swap request:
        line_pre_swaprequest = (int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(displayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);
    }

    // Take preswap timestamp:
    PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&time_at_swaprequest);

    // Execute the hookchain for non-OpenGL operations that need to happen immediately before the bufferswap, e.g.,
    // sending out control signals or commands to external hardware to somehow sync it up to imminent bufferswaps:
    PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychPreSwapbuffersOperations, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

    // Only execute swap sequence + synchronized gamma table updates if no skip requested:
    if (!(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipSwapForFlipOnce)) {
        // Some check for buggy drivers: If VBL synched flipping is requested, we expect that at least 2 msecs
        // should pass between consecutive bufferswaps. 2 msecs is chosen because the VBL period of most displays
        // at most settings does not last longer than 2 msecs (usually way less than 1 msec), and this would still allow
        // for an update rate of 500 Hz -- more than any current display can do.
        // We also don't allow swap submission in the top area of the video scanout cycle between scanline 1 and
        // scanline min_line_allowed: Some broken drivers would still execute a swap within this forbidden top area
        // of the video display although video scanout has already started - resulting in tearing!
        //
        // Note that this isn't needed if OS specific swap scheduling is used, as that is supposed to take
        // care of such nuisances - and if it didn't, this wouldn't help anyway. This wait must not be used
        // for Prime-Synced outputSrc -> outputSink setups, as that would add 1 frame extra lag. by preventing
        // us from subitting a swaprequest 1 frame ahead to compensate for the 1 frame lag of Prime sync.
        if ((windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl > 0) && (vbl_synclevel!=2) && (!osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled) && (windowRecord->hybridGraphics < 2) &&
            !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce) && !(PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychSkipOutOfVblankWait) &&
            ((time_at_swaprequest - windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl < 0.002) || ((line_pre_swaprequest < min_line_allowed) && (line_pre_swaprequest > 0)))) {
            // Less than 2 msecs passed since last bufferswap, although swap in sync with retrace requested.
            // Some drivers seem to have a bug where a bufferswap happens anywhere in the VBL period, even
            // if already a swap happened in a VBL --> Multiple swaps per refresh cycle if this routine is
            // called fast enough, ie. multiple times during one single VBL period. Not good!
            // An example is the ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 in 2nd generation MacBookPro's under OS/X 10.4.10
            // and 10.4.11 -- probably most cards operated by the same driver have the same problem...
            if (verbosity > 9) printf("PTB-DEBUG: Swaprequest too close to last swap vbl (%f secs) or between forbidden scanline 1 and %i. Delaying...\n", time_at_swaprequest - windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl, min_line_allowed);

            // We try to enforce correct behaviour by waiting until at least 2 msecs have elapsed before the next
            // bufferswap:
            PsychWaitUntilSeconds(windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl + 0.002);

            // We also wait until beam leaves the forbidden area between scanline 1 and min_line_allowed, where
            // some broken drivers allow a swap to happen although the beam is already scanning out active
            // parts of the display:
            do {
                // Query beampos again:
                line_pre_swaprequest = (int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(displayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);
            } while ((line_pre_swaprequest < min_line_allowed) && (line_pre_swaprequest > 0));

            // Take a measurement of the beamposition at time of swap request:
            line_pre_swaprequest = (int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(displayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);

            // Take updated preswap timestamp:
            PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&time_at_swaprequest);
        }

        // Update of hardware gamma table in sync with flip requested?
        if ((windowRecord->inRedTable) && (windowRecord->loadGammaTableOnNextFlip > 0)) {
            // Perform hw-table upload on M$-Windows in sync with retrace, wait until completion. On
            // OS-X just schedule update in sync with next retrace, but continue immediately.
            // See above for code that made sure we only reach this statement immediately prior
            // to the expected swap time, so this is as properly synced to target retrace as it gets:
            PsychLoadNormalizedGammaTable(windowRecord->screenNumber, -1, windowRecord->inTableSize, windowRecord->inRedTable, windowRecord->inGreenTable, windowRecord->inBlueTable);
        }

        // Only perform a bog-standard bufferswap request if no OS-specific method has been
        // executed successfully already:
        if (!osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled) {
            // Trigger the "Front <-> Back buffer swap (flip) on next vertical retrace" and
            PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord);

            // Also swap the slave window, if any:
            if (windowRecord->slaveWindow) {
                // Some drivers need the context of the to-be-swapped window, e.g., NVidia binary blob on Linux:
                PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord->slaveWindow);
                PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord->slaveWindow);

                // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
                PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord->slaveWindow);

                PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);
            }

            // Multiflip with vbl-sync requested?
            if (multiflip==1) {
                //  Trigger the "Front <-> Back buffer swap (flip) on next vertical retrace"
                //  for all onscreen windows except our primary one:
                for(i=0;i<numWindows;i++) {
                    if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecordArray[i]) && (windowRecordArray[i]!=windowRecord)) {
                        // Some drivers need the context of the to-be-swapped window, e.g., NVidia binary blob on Linux:
                        PsychSetGLContext(windowRecordArray[i]);
                        PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecordArray[i]);

                        // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
                        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecordArray[i]);
                    }
                }
                PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);
            }
        }

        // Take post-swap request line:
        line_post_swaprequest = (int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(displayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);
    }

    // Take postswap request timestamp:
    PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&time_post_swaprequest);

    // Store timestamp of swaprequest submission:
    windowRecord->time_at_swaprequest = time_at_swaprequest;
    windowRecord->time_post_swaprequest = time_post_swaprequest;

    // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
    if (!(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipSwapForFlipOnce))
        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord);

    // Pause execution of application until start of VBL, if requested:
    if (sync_to_vbl) {
        // Init tSwapComplete to undefined:
        tSwapComplete = 0;
        swap_msc = -1;

        // If OS-Builtin optimal timestamping is requested (aka vbltimestampmode 4), try to use it to
        // get a perfect timestamp. If this either fails or isn't supported on this system configuration,
        // fallback to regular PTB homegrown strategy:
        if ((vbltimestampmode == 4) && ((swap_msc = PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(windowRecord, 0, &tSwapComplete)) >= 0)) {
            // Success! OS builtin optimal method provides swap_msc of swap completion and
            // tSwapComplete timestamp. Nothing to do here for now, but code at end of timestamping
            // will use this timestamp as override for anything else that got computed.
            // At return of the method, we know that the swap has completed.
            if (verbosity > 10) printf("PTB-DEBUG:PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp() success: swap_msc = %lld, tSwapComplete = %lf secs.\n", swap_msc, tSwapComplete);
        }
        else {
            // OS-Builtin timestamping failed, is unsupported, or it is disabled by usercode.
            if ((swap_msc < -1) && (verbosity > 1)) {
                printf("PTB-WARNING:PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp() FAILED: errorcode = %lld, tSwapComplete = %lf.\n", swap_msc, tSwapComplete);
                printf("PTB-WARNING: If this message shows up frequently during sessions, instead of only very sporadically, then\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: this likely means that timestamping will *not work at all* and has to be considered\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: not trustworthy! Check your system configuration, e.g., /etc/X11/xorg.conf and\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: /var/log/XOrg.0.log on Linux for hints on what could be misconfigured. This is \n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: very likely not a bug, but a system misconfiguration by you or your distribution vendor.\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Read the Linux specific section of 'help SyncTrouble' for some common causes and fixes for this problem.\n");
            }

            // Use one of our own home grown wait-for-swapcompletion and timestamping strategies:
            if ((vbl_synclevel==3) && (windowRecord->VBL_Endline != -1)) {
                // Wait for VBL onset via experimental busy-waiting spinloop instead of
                // blocking: We spin-wait until the rasterbeam of our master-display enters the
                // VBL-Area of the display:
                while (vbl_startline > (int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(displayID, windowRecord->screenNumber));
            }
            else {
                // Standard blocking wait for flip/VBL onset requested:

                // Draw a single pixel in left-top area of back-buffer. This will wait/stall the rendering pipeline
                // until the buffer flip has happened, aka immediately after the VBL has started.
                // We need the pixel as "synchronization token", so the following glFinish() really
                // waits for VBL instead of just "falling through" due to the asynchronous nature of
                // OpenGL:
                glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK_LEFT);

                // We draw our single pixel with an alpha-value of zero - so effectively it doesn't
                // change the color buffer - just the z-buffer if z-writes are enabled...
                PsychWaitPixelSyncToken(windowRecord, FALSE);
            }

            #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX
                #ifndef GLX_BACK_BUFFER_AGE_EXT
                #define GLX_BACK_BUFFER_AGE_EXT 0x20F4
                #endif

                #ifndef PTB_USE_WAFFLE
                    // Extra-paranoia for fullscreen windows on Linux, just because we can:
                    if ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsFullscreenWindow) && (PsychPrefStateGet_SkipSyncTests() < 2)) {
                        // Linux: GLX_EXT_buffer_age supported? If so, then we can query the age in frames of our current post-swap backbuffer.
                        // A value of 2 means double-buffering is used by the gfx-driver, a value of 3 is triple-buffering, zero is single-buffering, n is n-nbuffering, ...
                        // Our currently chosen classic timestamping path absolutely requires double-buffering, so any value other than 2 means big trouble for timing:
                        // However, we also accept a value of zero, as this can legally happen if the driver employs some special optimizations -- zero is non-diagnostic,
                        // neither a sign of success, nor a sign of failure, so we just ignore it to avoid meaningless warning clutter in the rare cases where it turns up.
                        // One example of such an optimization are first time use of AUX buffers on a NVidia gpu with NVidia proprietary driver. Some funny lazy allocation going on...
                        // The value of 1 is observed when a desktop compositor (3d OpenGL, or 2d X-RENDER based) is active and redirecting our window to a composition surface
                        // by a framebuffer copy from backbuffer -> compositor buffer -- copy leads to constant buffer_age of 1.
                        //
                        // There also seem to be some false positive reports by some versions of the NVidia proprietary graphics driver on some gpus and setups.
                        // To avoid flooding the screen with meaningless warnings we turn this into a one-time warning, so the amount of chatter is tolerable on
                        // setups with a misreporting driver. We also tone down the text of the warning message a bit, as this is more an indicator that something
                        // could be wrong than a clear proof that something is wrong.
                        //
                        unsigned int buffer_age = 2; // Init to 2 to give benefit of doubt in case query below fails.
                        if (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapSupportsBufferAge) {
                            PsychLockDisplay();
                            glXQueryDrawable(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext, windowRecord->targetSpecific.windowHandle, GLX_BACK_BUFFER_AGE_EXT, &buffer_age);
                            PsychUnlockDisplay();

                            if ((buffer_age > 0) && (buffer_age != 2) && (verbosity > 1) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychBufferAgeWarningDone)) {
                                // One time warning only:
                                windowRecord->specialflags |= kPsychBufferAgeWarningDone;

                                printf("PTB-WARNING: OpenGL driver seems to use %i-buffering instead of the required double-buffering for Screen('Flip').\n", buffer_age);
                                printf("PTB-WARNING: This could be a false positive in which case there is no reason to worry, but it could also indicate some problem\n");
                                printf("PTB-WARNING: with visual stimulus onset timing on your setup, which would impair visual timing and timestamps of Screen('Flip').\n");
                                printf("PTB-WARNING: If timing matters, I'd recommend performing further diagnosis and potential troubleshooting (read 'help SyncTrouble').\n");
                                if (buffer_age == 1) printf("PTB-WARNING: One potential cause for this is that some kind of desktop compositor is active and interfering.\n");
                                if (buffer_age == 3) printf("PTB-WARNING: One potential cause for this is that TripleBuffering is enabled somewhere in the driver or xorg.conf settings.\n");
                                if (buffer_age > 3) printf("PTB-WARNING: One potential cause for this is that %i-Buffering is enabled somewhere in the driver or xorg.conf settings.\n", buffer_age);
                                if ((windowRecord->hybridGraphics == 2) && strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "NVIDIA")) {
                                    printf("PTB-WARNING: The most likely cause on this NVidia Optimus setup is the use of the proprietary driver, which will massively impair proper timing!\n");
                                    printf("PTB-WARNING: Use the open-source nouveau graphics driver, or install the enhanced modesetting ddx, or do not use the NVidia gpu at all, if you\n");
                                    printf("PTB-WARNING: care about research grade timing. See 'help HybridGraphics' for more info.\n");
                                }
                                printf("PTB-WARNING: This is a one-time warning which will not repeat, even if the problem persists during this session.\n\n");
                            }

                            if (verbosity > 9) printf("PTB-DEBUG: GLX_BACK_BUFFER_AGE_EXT == %i after swap completion.\n", buffer_age);
                        }
                    }
                #endif

                // Additional paranoia check at high debug levels where performance doesn't matter anymore.
                // Check if compositor is active. This just to test functionality, we won't enable this check
                // for normal operation yet, as i suspect it involves a potentially expensive time-consuming
                // roundtrip to the x-server, which may not be acceptable for high-framerate stimulus presentation.
                //
                // In its current form this is only useful for development and testing, as the method implemented
                // only detects true compositor activity reliably with KDE/KWin. On other compositors it always
                // reports composition on, even if the compositor is just hanging around idly in standby mode. We
                // can't afford that many false alerts.
                if ((verbosity > 10) && PsychOSIsDWMEnabled(windowRecord->screenNumber)) printf("PTB-DEBUG:Linux:Screen('Flip'): After swapcomplete compositor reported active.\n");
            #endif

            // Check if we can get a second opinion about use of pageflipping from the GPU itself, assuming standard
            // swap scheduling was used and beampos timestamping works - ergo other GPU low level features like this,
            // as otherwise the results would be misleading:
            if (!osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled && (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX || PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX) &&
                (windowRecord->VBL_Endline != -1)) {
                int pflip_status = PsychIsGPUPageflipUsed(windowRecord);
                if (verbosity > 10) printf("PTB-DEBUG: PsychFlipWindowBuffers(): After swapcomplete PsychIsGPUPageflipUsed() = %i.\n", pflip_status);

                // Only really relevant for fullscreen windows if pageflipping is used and under our control:
                if ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsFullscreenWindow) && (PsychPrefStateGet_SkipSyncTests() < 2)) {
                    // -1 = Don't know / non-diagnostic. 2 = Pageflip completed - Good. Everything else
                    // means trouble - either copyswap or desktop compositing:
                    if ((pflip_status != -1) && (pflip_status != 2) && (verbosity > 1)) {
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: GPU reports that pageflipping isn't used - or under our control - for Screen('Flip')! [pflip_status = %i]\n", pflip_status);
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: Returned Screen('Flip') timestamps might be wrong! Please fix this now (read 'help SyncTrouble').\n");
                        if (pflip_status == 1) printf("PTB-WARNING: The most likely cause for this is that some kind of desktop compositor is active and interfering.\n");
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // At this point, start of VBL on masterdisplay has happened, the bufferswap has completed and we can continue execution...

        // Multiflip without vbl-sync requested?
        if (multiflip==2) {
            // Immediately flip all onscreen windows except our primary one:
            for (i = 0; i < numWindows; i++) {
                if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecordArray[i]) && (windowRecordArray[i]!=windowRecord)) {
                    // Some drivers need the context of the to-be-swapped window, e.g., NVidia binary blob on Linux:
                    PsychSetGLContext(windowRecordArray[i]);
                    PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecordArray[i]);
                    PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecordArray[i]);
                }
            }
            // Restore to our context:
            PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);
        }

        // Query and return rasterbeam position immediately after Flip and before timestamp:
        *beamPosAtFlip=(int) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(displayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);

        // We take the corresponding timestamp here. This time_at_vbl will be later corrected in various
        // ways to get the real VBL timestamp of stimulus onset, either via the beamPosAtFlip above, or
        // via other means:
        PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&time_at_vbl);

        // Store timestamp "as is" so we have the raw value for benchmarking and testing purpose as well:
        time_at_swapcompletion = time_at_vbl;

        // Run kernel-level timestamping always in modes 2 and 3 or on demand in mode 1 if beampos.
        // queries don't work properly or mode 4 if both beampos timestamping and OS-Builtin timestamping
        // doesn't work correctly:
        if ((vbltimestampmode == 2) || (vbltimestampmode == 3) || (vbltimestampmode == 1 && windowRecord->VBL_Endline == -1) ||
            (vbltimestampmode == 4 && swap_msc < 0 && windowRecord->VBL_Endline == -1)) {

            // Some systems only: Low level query to the driver: We need to yield the cpu for a couple of
            // microseconds, let's say 250 microsecs. for now, so the low-level vbl interrupt task
            // in IOKits workloop can do its job. But first let's try to do it without yielding...
            vbltimestampquery_retrycount = 0;
            PsychWaitIntervalSeconds(0.00025);

            // Testcode: On Linux we wait another msec before initial query
            // to avoid race-condition between return from glFinish() and VBL-Timestamping -- this to test nouveau's
            // KMS-Timestamping:
            // Disabled: Only uncomment for testing: if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) PsychWaitIntervalSeconds(0.001);

            postflip_vbltimestamp = PsychOSGetVBLTimeAndCount(windowRecord, &postflip_vblcount);

            // If a valid preflip timestamp equals the postflip timestamp although the swaprequest likely didn't
            // happen inside a VBL interval (in which case this would be a legal condition), we retry the
            // query up to 8 times, each time sleeping for 0.25 msecs, for a total retry time of 2 msecs.
            // The sleeping is meant to release the processor to other system tasks which may be crucial for
            // correct timestamping, but preempted by our Matlab thread in realtime mode. If we don't succeed
            // in 2 msecs then something's pretty screwed and we should just give up.
            while ((preflip_vbltimestamp > 0) && (preflip_vbltimestamp == postflip_vbltimestamp) && (vbltimestampquery_retrycount < 8) && (time_at_swaprequest - preflip_vbltimestamp > 0.001)) {
                // Shoddy OSX with its deficient Core video display link implementation in use?
                // If so we wait another extra bit of time to give it a chance to catch up to reality:
                // CoreVideo display link callbacks can be tremendeously delayed wrt. actual VBlank time, so
                // querying vblank time and count too close to a vblank can easily provide us with stale
                // results. We take longer breaks between query retries to increase the chance of a callback
                // delivering updated results to us. Best we can do, after all other approaches turned out to
                // be flawed or fragile as well and Apple seems to be utterly disinterested in fixing their mess.
                if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX) PsychWaitIntervalSeconds(0.00025);
                PsychWaitIntervalSeconds(0.00025);
                postflip_vbltimestamp = PsychOSGetVBLTimeAndCount(windowRecord, &postflip_vblcount);
                vbltimestampquery_retrycount++;
            }
        }

        // Calculate estimate of real time of VBL, based on our post glFinish() timestamp, post glFinish() beam-
        // position and the roughly known height of image and duration of IFI. The corrected time_at_vbl
        // contains time at start of VBL. This value is crucial for control stimulus presentation timing.
        // We also estimate the end of VBL, aka the stimulus onset time in time_at_onset.

        // First we calculate the number of scanlines that have passed since start of VBL area:
        vbl_endline = windowRecord->VBL_Endline;

        // VBL_Endline is determined in a calibration loop in PsychOpenOnscreenWindow above.
        // If this fails for some reason, we mark it as invalid by setting it to -1.
        if ((windowRecord->VBL_Endline != -1) && (vbltimestampmode>=0)) {

            // One more sanity check to account for the existence of the most
            // insane OS on earth: Check for impossible beamposition values although
            // we've already verified correct working of the queries during startup.
            if ((*beamPosAtFlip < 0) || (*beamPosAtFlip > vbl_endline)) {
                // Was the workaround for this bug already enabled?
                if (!(PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychUseBeampositionQueryWorkaround) && (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS)) {
                    // Workaround not yet enabled. Let's enable the workaround now, give a more
                    // mild warning for this invocation of Flip and see if the workaround prevents
                    // future malfunctions. If not, the if()->then() branch will catch it again in
                    // next invocation and trigger an emergency shutdown of beampos timestamping.

                    // Force workaround on: Hack hack hack - An ugly call to force it on on MS-Windows.
                    // We hijack PsychCaptureScreen() for this purpose with special flag -1:
                    PsychPrefStateSet_ConserveVRAM(PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() | kPsychUseBeampositionQueryWorkaround);
                    PsychCaptureScreen(-1);

                    if (verbosity > -1) {
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: Beamposition query after flip returned the *impossible* value %i (Valid would be between zero and %i)!!!\n", *beamPosAtFlip, (int) vbl_endline);
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: This is a severe malfunction, indicating a bug in your graphics driver. Our startup test should have\n");
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: caught this and a workaround should have been enabled. Apparently we missed this. Will enable workaround\n");
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: now and see if it helps for future flips.\n");
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: Read 'help Beampositionqueries' for further information on how to enable this workaround manually for\n");
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: future sessions to avoid this warning.\n\n");
                    }
                }
                else {
                    // Workaround enabled and still this massive beampos failure?!? Or a non-Windows system?
                    // Ok, this is completely foo-bared.
                    if (verbosity > -1) {
                        if (swap_msc < 0) {
                            // No support for OS-Builtin alternative timestamping, or that mechanism failed.
                            // This is serious:
                            printf("PTB-ERROR: Beamposition query after flip returned the *impossible* value %i (Valid would be between zero and %i)!!!\n", *beamPosAtFlip, (int) vbl_endline);
                            printf("PTB-ERROR: This is a severe malfunction, indicating a bug in your graphics driver. Will disable beamposition queries from now on.\n");
                        }
                        else {
                            // Will use OS-Builtin timestamping anyway and it provided valid results,
                            // so this is rather interesting than worrysome:
                            printf("PTB-INFO: Beamposition query after flip returned the *impossible* value %i (Valid would be between zero and %i)!!!\n", *beamPosAtFlip, (int) vbl_endline);
                            printf("PTB-INFO: This is a malfunction, indicating a bug in your graphics driver. Will disable beamposition queries from now on.\n");
                            printf("PTB-INFO: Don't worry though, as we use a different mechanism for timestamping on your system anyway. This is just our backup that wouldn't work.\n");
                        }

                        if ((swap_msc >= 0) && (vbltimestampmode == 4)) {
                            printf("PTB-INFO: Will use OS-Builtin timestamping mechanism solely for further timestamping.\n");
                        }
                        else if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX) && (vbltimestampmode == 1)) {
                            printf("PTB-ERROR: As this is macOS, i'll switch to a likely equally broken mechanism based on CoreVideo timestamps. But hope dies last...\n");
                        }
                        else {
                            printf("PTB-ERROR: Timestamps returned by Flip will be correct, but less robust and accurate than they would be with working beamposition queries.\n");
                        }

                        if (swap_msc < 0) {
                            printf("PTB-ERROR: It's strongly recommended to update your graphics driver and optionally file a bug report to your vendor if that doesn't help.\n");
                            printf("PTB-ERROR: Read 'help Beampositionqueries' for further information.\n");
                        }
                    }

                    // Mark vbl endline as invalid, so beampos is not used anymore for future flips.
                    windowRecord->VBL_Endline = -1;
                }

                // Create fake beampos value for this invocation of Flip so we return an ok timestamp:
                *beamPosAtFlip = (int) vbl_startline;
            }

            if (*beamPosAtFlip >= vbl_startline) {
                vbl_lines_elapsed = *beamPosAtFlip - vbl_startline;
                onset_lines_togo = vbl_endline - (*beamPosAtFlip) + 1;
            }
            else {
                vbl_lines_elapsed = vbl_endline - vbl_startline + 1 + *beamPosAtFlip;
                onset_lines_togo = -1.0 * (*beamPosAtFlip);
            }

            // From the elapsed number we calculate the elapsed time since VBL start:
            vbl_time_elapsed = vbl_lines_elapsed / vbl_endline * currentrefreshestimate;
            onset_time_togo = onset_lines_togo / vbl_endline * currentrefreshestimate;
            // Compute of stimulus-onset, aka time when retrace is finished:
            *time_at_onset = time_at_vbl + onset_time_togo;
            // Now we correct our time_at_vbl by this correction value:
            time_at_vbl = time_at_vbl - vbl_time_elapsed;
        }
        else {
            // Beamposition queries unavailable!

            // Shall we fall-back to kernel-level query?
            if ((vbltimestampmode==1 || vbltimestampmode==2 || vbltimestampmode==4) && preflip_vbltimestamp > 0) {
                // Yes: Use fallback result:
                time_at_vbl = postflip_vbltimestamp;
            }

            // If we can't depend on timestamp correction, we just set time_at_onset == time_at_vbl.
            // This is not strictly correct, but at least the user doesn't have to change the whole
            // implementation of his code and we've warned him anyway at Window open time...
            *time_at_onset=time_at_vbl;
        }

        // OS level queries of timestamps supported and consistency check wanted?
        if (preflip_vbltimestamp > 0 && vbltimestampmode==2 && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce)) {
            // Yes. Check both methods for consistency: We accept max. 1 ms deviation.
            if ((fabs(postflip_vbltimestamp - time_at_vbl) > 0.001) || (verbosity > 20)) {
                printf("VBL timestamp deviation: precount=%i , postcount=%i, delta = %i, postflip_vbltimestamp = %f  -  beampos_vbltimestamp = %f  == Delta is = %f \n",
                (int) preflip_vblcount, (int) postflip_vblcount, (int) (postflip_vblcount - preflip_vblcount), postflip_vbltimestamp, time_at_vbl, postflip_vbltimestamp - time_at_vbl);
            }
        }

        // Shall kernel-level method override everything else?
        if (preflip_vbltimestamp > 0 && vbltimestampmode==3) {
            time_at_vbl = postflip_vbltimestamp;
            *time_at_onset=time_at_vbl;
        }

        // Another consistency check: Computed swap/VBL timestamp should never be earlier than
        // the system time when bufferswap request was initiated - Can't complete swap before
        // actually starting it! We test for this, but allow for a slack of 50 microseconds,
        // because a small "too early" offset could be just due to small errors in refresh rate
        // calibration or other sources of harmless timing errors.
        //
        // This is a test specific for beamposition based timestamping. We can't execute the
        // test (would not be diagnostic) if the swaprequest happened within the VBL interval,
        // because in that case, it is possible to get a VBL swap timestamp that is before the
        // swaprequest: The timestamp always denotes the onset of a VBL, but a swaprequest issued
        // at the very end of VBL would still get executed, therefore the VBL timestamp would be
        // valid although it technically precedes the time of the "late" swap request: This is
        // why we check the beampositions around time of swaprequest to make sure that the request
        // was issued while outside the VBL:
        if ((time_at_vbl < time_at_swaprequest - 0.00005) && ((line_pre_swaprequest > min_line_allowed) && (line_pre_swaprequest < vbl_startline)) && (windowRecord->VBL_Endline != -1) &&
            ((line_post_swaprequest > min_line_allowed) && (line_post_swaprequest < vbl_startline)) && (line_pre_swaprequest <= line_post_swaprequest) &&
            (vbltimestampmode >= 0) && ((vbltimestampmode < 3) || (vbltimestampmode == 4 && swap_msc < 0 && !osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled)) &&
            !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce)) {

            // Ohoh! Broken timing. Disable beamposition timestamping for future operations, warn user.
            if (verbosity > -1) {
                printf("\n\nPTB-ERROR: Screen('Flip'); beamposition timestamping computed an *impossible stimulus onset value* of %f secs, which would indicate that\n", time_at_vbl);
                printf("PTB-ERROR: stimulus onset happened *before* it was actually requested! (Earliest theoretically possible %f secs).\n\n", time_at_swaprequest);
                printf("PTB-ERROR: Some more diagnostic values (only for experts): rawTimestamp = %f, scanline = %i\n", time_at_swapcompletion, *beamPosAtFlip);
                printf("PTB-ERROR: Some more diagnostic values (only for experts): line_pre_swaprequest = %i, line_post_swaprequest = %i, time_post_swaprequest = %f\n", line_pre_swaprequest, line_post_swaprequest, time_post_swaprequest);
                printf("PTB-ERROR: Some more diagnostic values (only for experts): preflip_vblcount = %i, preflip_vbltimestamp = %f\n", (int) preflip_vblcount, preflip_vbltimestamp);
                printf("PTB-ERROR: Some more diagnostic values (only for experts): postflip_vblcount = %i, postflip_vbltimestamp = %f, vbltimestampquery_retrycount = %i\n", (int) postflip_vblcount, postflip_vbltimestamp, (int) vbltimestampquery_retrycount);
                printf("\n");
            }

            // Is VBL IRQ timestamping allowed as a fallback and delivered a valid result?
            if (vbltimestampmode >= 1 && postflip_vbltimestamp > 0) {
                // Available. Meaningful result?
                if (verbosity > -1) {
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: The most likely cause of this error (based on cross-check with kernel-level timestamping) is:\n");
                    if (((postflip_vbltimestamp < time_at_swaprequest - 0.00005) && (postflip_vbltimestamp == preflip_vbltimestamp)) ||
                        ((preflip_vblcount + 1 == postflip_vblcount) && (vbltimestampquery_retrycount > 1))) {
                        // Hmm. These results back up the hypothesis that sync of bufferswaps to VBL is broken, ie.
                        // the buffers swap as soon as swappable and requested, instead of only within VBL:
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Synchronization of stimulus onset (buffer swap) to the vertical blank interval VBL is not working properly.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Please run the script PerceptualVBLSyncTest to check this. With non-working sync to VBL, all stimulus timing\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: becomes quite futile. Equally likely and serious is lack of sync between swap completion and PTB. Read 'help SyncTrouble'!\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: For the remainder of this session, i've switched to kernel based timestamping as a backup method for the\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: less likely case that beamposition timestamping in your system is broken. However, this method seems to\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: confirm the hypothesis of broken sync of stimulus onset to VBL, or of swap completion signalling to swap completion.\n\n");
                    }
                    else {
                        // VBL IRQ timestamping doesn't support VBL sync failure, so it might be a problem with beamposition timestamping...
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Something may be broken in your systems beamposition timestamping. Read 'help SyncTrouble' !\n\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: For the remainder of this session, i've switched to kernel based timestamping as a backup method.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: On Linux, this method is slightly less accurate and higher overhead but should be similarly robust,\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: On macOS, this method is usually also badly broken and unreliable, but hope dies last...\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: A less likely cause could be that Synchronization of stimulus onset (buffer swap) to the\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: vertical blank interval VBL, or of PTB to swap completion, is not working properly.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Please run the script PerceptualVBLSyncTest to check this. With any of these problems,\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: all stimulus timing is futile. Also run OSXCompositorIdiocyTest on macOS. \n");
                    }
                }

                // Disable beamposition timestamping for further session:
                windowRecord->VBL_Endline = -1;

                // Set vbltimestampmode = 0 for rest of this subfunction, so the checking code for
                // stand-alone kernel level timestamping below this routine gets suppressed for this
                // iteration:
                vbltimestampmode = 0;

                // In any case: Override with VBL IRQ method results:
                time_at_vbl = postflip_vbltimestamp;
                *time_at_onset=time_at_vbl;
            }
            else {
                // VBL timestamping didn't deliver results? Because it is not enabled in parallel with beampos queries?
                if ((vbltimestampmode == 1) && (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX || PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX)) {
                    // Auto fallback enabled, but not if beampos queries appear to be functional. They are
                    // dysfunctional by now, but weren't at swap time, so we can't get any useful data from
                    // kernel level timestamping. However in the next round we should get something. Therefore,
                    // enable both methods in consistency cross check mode:
                    PsychPrefStateSet_VBLTimestampingMode(2);

                    // Set vbltimestampmode = 0 for rest of this subfunction, so the checking code for
                    // stand-alone kernel level timestamping below this routine gets suppressed for this
                    // iteration:
                    vbltimestampmode = 0;

                    if (verbosity > -1) {
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: I have enabled additional cross checking between beamposition based and kernel-level based timestamping.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: This should allow to get a better idea of what's going wrong if successive invocations of Screen('Flip');\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: fail to deliver proper timestamps as well. It may even fix the problem if the unlikely culprit would be\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: a bug in beamposition based high precision timestamping. We will see...\n\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: An equally likely cause would be that Synchronization of stimulus onset (buffer swap) to the\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: vertical blank interval VBL, or of swap completion to completion signalling is not working properly.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Please run the script PerceptualVBLSyncTest to check this. With non-working sync to VBL, all stimulus timing\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: is futile. Also run OSXCompositorIdiocyTest on macOS. Also read 'help SyncTrouble' !\n");
                    }
                }
                else {
                    // Ok, we lost:
                    // VBL kernel level timestamping not operational or intentionally disabled: No backup solutions left, and no way to
                    // cross-check stuff: We disable high precision timestamping completely:

                    // Disable beamposition timestamping for further session:
                    PsychPrefStateSet_VBLTimestampingMode(-1);
                    vbltimestampmode = -1;

                    if (verbosity > -1) {
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: This error can be due to either of the following causes:\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Very unlikely: Something is broken in your systems beamposition timestamping. I've disabled high precision\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: timestamping for now. Returned timestamps will be less robust and accurate.\n\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: The most likely cause would be that Synchronization of stimulus onset (buffer swap) to the\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: vertical blank interval VBL is not working properly, or swap completion signalling to PTB is broken.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Please run the script PerceptualVBLSyncTest to check this. With non-working sync to VBL, all stimulus timing\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: is futile. Also run OSXCompositorIdiocyTest on macOS. Also read 'help SyncTrouble' !\n");
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // VBL IRQ based timestamping in charge? Either because selected by usercode, or as a fallback for failed/disabled beampos timestamping or OS-Builtin timestamping?
        if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX || PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce) &&
            ((vbltimestampmode == 3) || (!osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled && vbltimestampmode == 4 && windowRecord->VBL_Endline == -1 && swap_msc < 0) || ((vbltimestampmode == 1 || vbltimestampmode == 2) && windowRecord->VBL_Endline == -1))) {
            // Yes. Try some consistency checks for that:

            // Some diagnostics at high debug-levels:
            if (vbltimestampquery_retrycount > 0 && verbosity > 10) {
                printf("PTB-DEBUG: In PsychFlipWindowBuffers(), VBLTimestamping: RETRYCOUNT %i : Delta Swaprequest - preflip_vbl timestamp: %f secs.\n", (int) vbltimestampquery_retrycount, time_at_swaprequest - preflip_vbltimestamp);
            }

            if ((vbltimestampquery_retrycount>=8) && (preflip_vbltimestamp == postflip_vbltimestamp) && (preflip_vbltimestamp > 0)) {
                // Postflip timestamp equals valid preflip timestamp after many retries:
                // This can be due to a swaprequest emitted and satisfied/completed within a single VBL
                // interval - then it would be perfectly fine. Or it happens despite a swaprequest in
                // the middle of a video refersh cycle. Then it would indicate trouble, either with the
                // timestamping mechanism or with sync of bufferswaps to VBL:
                // If we happened to do everything within a VBL, then the different timestamps should
                // be close together -- probably within 2 msecs - the max duration of a VBL and/or retry sequence:
                if (fabs(preflip_vbltimestamp - time_at_swaprequest) < 0.002) {
                    // Swaprequest, Completion and whole timestamping happened likely within one VBL,
                    // so no reason to worry...
                    if (verbosity > 10) {
                        printf("PTB-DEBUG: With kernel-level timestamping: ");
                        printf("vbltimestampquery_retrycount = %i, preflip_vbltimestamp=postflip= %f, time_at_swaprequest= %f\n", (int) vbltimestampquery_retrycount, preflip_vbltimestamp, time_at_swaprequest);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    // Stupid values, but swaprequest not close to VBL, but likely within refresh cycle.
                    // This could be either broken queries, or broken sync to VBL:
                    if (verbosity > -1) {
                        printf("\n\nPTB-ERROR: Screen('Flip'); kernel-level timestamping computed bogus values!!!\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: vbltimestampquery_retrycount = %i, preflip_vbltimestamp=postflip= %f, time_at_swaprequest= %f\n", (int) vbltimestampquery_retrycount, preflip_vbltimestamp, time_at_swaprequest);
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: This error can be due to either of the following causes:\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Either something is broken in your systems VBL-IRQ timestamping. I've disabled high precision\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: timestamping for now. Returned timestamps will be less robust and accurate, but at least ok, if that was the culprit.\n\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: The by far most likely cause would be that Synchronization of stimulus onset (buffer swap) to the\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: vertical blank interval VBL or of swap completion to completion signalling is not working properly.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Please run the script PerceptualVBLSyncTest to check this. With non-working sync to VBL, all stimulus timing\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: is futile. Also run OSXCompositorIdiocyTest on macOS. Also read 'help SyncTrouble' !\n\n\n");
                    }

                    PsychPrefStateSet_VBLTimestampingMode(-1);
                    time_at_vbl = time_at_swapcompletion;
                    *time_at_onset=time_at_vbl;
                }
            }

            // We try to detect wrong order of events, but again allow for a bit of slack,
            // as some drivers (this time on PowerPC) have their own share of trouble. Specifically,
            // this might happen if a driver performs VBL timestamping at the end of a VBL interval,
            // instead of at the beginning. In that case, the bufferswap may happen at rising-edge
            // of VBL, get acknowledged and timestamped by us somewhere in the middle of VBL, but
            // the postflip timestamping via IRQ may carry a timestamp at end of VBL.
            // ==> Swap would have happened correctly within VBL and postflip timestamp would
            // be valid, just the order would be unexpected. We set a slack of 2.5 msecs, because
            // the duration of a VBL interval is usually no longer than that.
            if (postflip_vbltimestamp - time_at_swapcompletion > 0.0025) {
                // VBL irq queries broken! Disable them.
                if (verbosity > -1) {
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: VBL kernel-level timestamp queries broken on your setup [Impossible order of events]!\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: Will disable them for now until the problem is resolved. You may want to restart Matlab and retry.\n");
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: postflip - time_at_swapcompletion == %f secs.\n", postflip_vbltimestamp - time_at_swapcompletion);
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: Btw. if you are running in windowed mode, this is not unusual -- timestamping doesn't work well in windowed mode...\n");
                }

                PsychPrefStateSet_VBLTimestampingMode(-1);
                time_at_vbl = time_at_swapcompletion;
                *time_at_onset=time_at_vbl;
            }
        }

        // Special case NVidia Optimus laptop with proprietary graphics driver. Only DRI PRIME slave output operation
        // available, not the precise and reliable gpu renderoffload. Timestamping is highly fragile, unreliable and
        // inaccurate, but one thing we do know, at least in the initial XOrg 1.19 implementation, is that the timestamp
        // will be at least one video refresh too early. Therefore, if we have such a type 2 setup, we add 1 refresh duration
        // to the so far computed timestamps.
        // Note that these assignments get overriden directly below in VBLTimestampingMode 4 if we are running under the
        // custom modified XOrg 1.19 modesetting ddx as a fullscreen window and therefore received a high precision timestamp
        // in tSwapComplete from PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(). This snippet only gets used in the fallback on unmodified
        // XOrg 1.19 to keep us limping along with bad/inaccurate/unreliable timestamps that are at least somehow self-consistent
        // in some sense:
        if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsX11Window) && ((windowRecord->hybridGraphics == 2) || (windowRecord->hybridGraphics == 3))) {
            time_at_vbl += windowRecord->VideoRefreshInterval;
            *time_at_onset += windowRecord->VideoRefreshInterval;
        }

        // Shall OS-Builtin optimal timestamping override all other results (vbltimestampmode 4)
        // and is it supported and worked successfully?
        if ((vbltimestampmode == 4) && (swap_msc >= 0)) {
            // Yes. Override final timestamps with results from OS-Builtin timestamping:

            // Consistency check: Swap can't complete before it was scheduled: Have a fudge
            // value of 1 msec to account for roundoff errors:
            if ((PsychPrefStateGet_SkipSyncTests() < 2) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce) &&
                ((osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled && (tSwapComplete < tprescheduleswap - 0.001)) ||
                (!osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled && (tSwapComplete < time_at_swaprequest - 0.001)))) {
                if (verbosity > 0) {
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: OpenML timestamping reports that flip completed before it was scheduled [Scheduled no earlier than %f secs, completed at %f secs]!\n",
                           (osspecific_asyncflip_scheduled) ? tprescheduleswap : time_at_swaprequest, tSwapComplete);
                    printf("PTB-ERROR: This could mean that sync of bufferswaps to vertical retrace is broken or some other driver bug! Check your system setup!\n");
                }

                // Fall back to beamposition timestamping or raw timestamping, unless
                // we are running under DRI3/Present, in which case none of the fallback methods
                // will be useable and we just have to hope this was a transient failure:
                if (!(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsDRI3Window)) {
                    if (verbosity > 0) printf("PTB-ERROR: Switching to alternative timestamping method.\n");
                    PsychPrefStateSet_VBLTimestampingMode(1);
                }

                // Use override raw timestamp as temporary fallback:
                time_at_vbl = time_at_swapcompletion;
                *time_at_onset=time_at_vbl;
            } else {
                // Looks good. Assign / Override:
                time_at_vbl = tSwapComplete;
                *time_at_onset = tSwapComplete;

                // Also check for flips that completed before their target time, which
                // would indicate a failure in swap scheduling. Usual roundoff fudge applies:
                if ((PsychPrefStateGet_SkipSyncTests() < 2) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce) && (targetWhen > 0) && (tSwapComplete < targetWhen - 0.001)) {
                    if (verbosity > 0) {
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: OpenML timestamping reports that flip completed before its requested target time [Target no earlier than %f secs, completed at %f secs]!\n",
                               targetWhen, tSwapComplete);
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Something is wrong with swap scheduling, a misconfiguration or potential graphics driver bug! Check your system setup!\n");
                        if (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapSupportsOpenML) printf("PTB-ERROR: Switching to alternative fallback scheduling method.\n");
                    }

                    // Disable OS native swap scheduling. We will use the classic wait + glXSwapBuffers path,
                    // but still keep OS native timestamping functional:
                    windowRecord->gfxcaps &= ~kPsychGfxCapSupportsOpenML;
                }
            }
        }

        // Timestamping finished, final results available!

        // Check for missed / skipped frames: We exclude the very first "Flip" after
        // creation of the onscreen window from the check, as deadline-miss is expected
        // in that case. We also disable the skipped frame detection if our own home-grown
        // frame-sequential stereo mode is active, as the detector can't work sensibly with it:
        if ((time_at_vbl > tshouldflip) && (windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl!=0) && (windowRecord->stereomode != kPsychFrameSequentialStereo)) {
            // Deadline missed!
            windowRecord->nr_missed_deadlines = windowRecord->nr_missed_deadlines + 1;
        }

        // Return some estimate of how much we've missed our deadline (positive value) or
        // how much headroom was left (negative value):
        *miss_estimate = time_at_vbl - tshouldflip;

        // Update timestamp of last vbl:
        windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl = time_at_vbl;

        // Store raw-timestamp of swap completion, mostly for benchmark purposes:
        windowRecord->rawtime_at_swapcompletion = time_at_swapcompletion;

        // Store optional VBL-IRQ timestamp as well:
        windowRecord->postflip_vbltimestamp = postflip_vbltimestamp;

        // Store OS-Builtin swap timestamp as well, or stimulus onset time from beampos
        // timestamping, if OS-Builtin timestamp not available:
        windowRecord->osbuiltin_swaptime = (tSwapComplete > 0) ? tSwapComplete : *time_at_onset;
    }
    else {
        // syncing to vbl is disabled, time_at_vbl becomes meaningless, so we set it to a
        // safe default of zero to indicate this.
        time_at_vbl = 0;
        *time_at_onset = 0;
        *miss_estimate = 0;
        *beamPosAtFlip = -1;  // Ditto for beam position...

        // Was internal timestamping suppressed?
        if (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychSkipTimestampingForFlipOnce) {
            // Latch potential values injected via Screen Hookfunction 'SetOneshotFlipResults':
            time_at_vbl = windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl;
            *time_at_onset = windowRecord->osbuiltin_swaptime;
            *miss_estimate = windowRecord->postflip_vbltimestamp;
        }
        else {
            // Invalidate timestamps of last vbl:
            windowRecord->time_at_last_vbl = 0;
            windowRecord->osbuiltin_swaptime = 0;
        }

        // These are always reset, as not latchable by usercode:
        windowRecord->postflip_vbltimestamp = -1;
        windowRecord->rawtime_at_swapcompletion = 0;
    }

    // Increment the "flips successfully completed" counter:
    windowRecord->flipCount++;

    // Part 2 of workaround- /checkcode for syncing to vertical retrace:
    if (vblsyncworkaround) {
        glReadBuffer(GL_FRONT);
        glPixelStorei(GL_PACK_ALIGNMENT,1);
        glReadPixels(0,0,1,1,GL_RED,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &bufferstamp);
        if (bufferstamp!=id) {
            printf("%i -> %i  ", id, bufferstamp);
            glColor3b((GLint) bufferstamp, (GLint) 0,(GLint) 0);
            glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
            glVertex2d(20,20);
            glVertex2d(200,200);
            glVertex2d(20,200);
            glEnd();
        }

        id++;
    }

    // The remaining code will run asynchronously on the GPU again and prepares the back-buffer
    // for drawing of next stim.
    PsychPostFlipOperations(windowRecord, dont_clear);

    // Special imaging mode active? in that case we need to restore drawing engine state to preflip state.
    if (windowRecord->imagingMode > 0) {
        if (PsychIsMasterThread()) {
            // Can use PsychSetDrawingTarget for synchronous flip:
            PsychSetDrawingTarget(windowRecord);
        }
        else {
            // Async flip: need to manually reset framebuffer binding
            // to system framebuffer, as PsychSetDrawingTarget() is a no-op:
            glFinish();
            if (glBindFramebufferEXT) glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);
        }
    }

    // Restore assignments of read- and drawbuffers to pre-Flip state:
    glReadBuffer(read_buffer);
    glDrawBuffer(draw_buffer);

    // Managing these flags is the sole job of the master thread:
    if (PsychIsMasterThread()) {
        // Reset flags used for avoiding redundant Pipeline flushes and backbuffer-backups:
        // This flags are altered and checked by SCREENDrawingFinished() and PsychPreFlipOperations() as well:
        windowRecord->PipelineFlushDone = false;
        windowRecord->backBufferBackupDone = false;
    }

    // If we disabled (upon request) VBL syncing, we have to reenable it here:
    if (vbl_synclevel==2 || (windowRecord->inRedTable && (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS))) {
        PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(windowRecord, 1);
        // Reenable also for a slave window, if any:
        if (windowRecord->slaveWindow && PsychIsMasterThread()) PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(windowRecord->slaveWindow, 1);
    }

    // Was this an experimental Multiflip with "hard" busy flipping?
    if (multiflip==2) {
        // Reenable VBL-Sync for all onscreen windows except our primary one:
        for(i=0;i<numWindows;i++) {
            if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecordArray[i]) && (windowRecordArray[i]!=windowRecord)) {
                PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel(windowRecordArray[i], 1);
            }
        }
    }

    // PsychOSSetVBLSyncLevel() above may have switched the OpenGL context. Make sure our context is bound:
    PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);

    if (multiflip>0) {
        // Cleanup our multiflip windowlist: Not thread-safe!
        PsychDestroyVolatileWindowRecordPointerList(windowRecordArray);
    }

    // Cleanup temporary gamma tables if needed: Should be thread-safe due to standard libc call.
    if ((windowRecord->inRedTable) && (windowRecord->loadGammaTableOnNextFlip > 0)) {
        free(windowRecord->inRedTable); windowRecord->inRedTable = NULL;
        free(windowRecord->inGreenTable); windowRecord->inGreenTable = NULL;
        free(windowRecord->inBlueTable); windowRecord->inBlueTable = NULL;
        windowRecord->inTableSize = 0;
        windowRecord->loadGammaTableOnNextFlip = 0;
    }

    // Clear the one-shot flipFlags, so they won't automatically apply to the next flip again: XXX Better do it in SCREENFlip than here?
    windowRecord->specialflags &= ~(kPsychSkipVsyncForFlipOnce | kPsychSkipTimestampingForFlipOnce | kPsychSkipSwapForFlipOnce | kPsychSkipWaitForFlipOnce);

    // We take a second timestamp here to mark the end of the Flip-routine and return it to "userspace"
    PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(time_at_flipend);

    // Done. Return high resolution system time in seconds when VBL happened.
    return(time_at_vbl);
}

/*
    PsychSetGLContext()

    Set the window to which GL drawing commands are sent.
 */
void PsychSetGLContext(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    PsychWindowRecordType *parentRecord;
    psych_bool oldStyle = (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychUseOldStyleAsyncFlips) ? TRUE : FALSE;

    // Are we called from the main interpreter thread? If not, then we return
    // immediately (No-Op). Worker threads for async flip don't expect this
    // subroutine to execute, at least not with the new-style async flip method:
    if (!oldStyle && !PsychIsMasterThread()) return;

    // Check if any async flip on any onscreen window in progress: In that case only the async flip worker thread is allowed to call PsychSetGLContext()
    // on async-flipping onscreen windows, and none of the threads is allowed to attach to non-onscreen-window ressources.
    // asyncFlipOpsActive is a count of currently async-flipping onscreen windows...

    // Any async flips in progress? If not, then we can skip this whole checking...
    if (asyncFlipOpsActive > 0) {
        // At least one async flip in progress. Find the parent window of this windowRecord, ie.,
        // the onscreen window which "owns" the relevant OpenGL context. This can be the windowRecord
        // itself if it is an onscreen window:
        parentRecord = PsychGetParentWindow(windowRecord);

        // Behaviour depends on use of the new or old (legacy) async-flip implementation:
        //
        // New:
        // Binding to the associated onscreen windows master OpenGL context is no problem, just touching its
        // system framebuffer would wreak havoc. We allow to bind the OpenGL context and have proper safe-guards
        // implemented in PsychSetDrawingTarget() to make sure the imaging pipeline is set up in a way to prevent
        // framebuffer access by redirecting all drawing to FBO's. Additional safe-guards are to be found in
        // routines that touch the system fb like 'GetImage' and 'DrawingFinished'.
        //
        // Legacy / Old:
        // We allow the main thread to attach to the OpenGL contexts owned by "parentRecord" windows which are not (yet)
        // involved in an async flip operation. Only the worker thread of an async flipping "parentRecord" window is
        // allowed to attach that window while async flip in progress.

        // Check for illegal operations in current mode:
        if (oldStyle && (parentRecord->flipInfo) && (parentRecord->flipInfo->asyncstate == 1) &&
            (!PsychIsCurrentThreadEqualToPsychThread(parentRecord->flipInfo->flipperThread))) {
            // Wrong thread - This one is not allowed to attach to any OpenGL context for this parentRecord at the moment.
            // Likely a programming error by the user:
            if (!PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord)) {
                // Ok, we don't error-abort as usual via PsychErrorExitMsg() because this leads to
                // infinite recursion and other funny problems. Instead we output a warning to the
                // user and no-op this PsychSetGLContext() operation:
                printf("PTB-ERROR: Your code tried to execute a Screen() graphics command or Matlab/Octave/C OpenGL command for an offscreen window,\ntexture or proxy while some asynchronous flip operation was in progress for the parent window!\nThis is not allowed for that command! Finalize the async flip(s) first via Screen('AsyncFlipCheckEnd') or Screen('AsyncFlipEnd')!\nAlternatively enable the imaging pipeline (help PsychImaging) to make this work.\n\n");
                return;
            }
            else {
                PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user, "Your code tried to execute a Screen() graphics command or Matlab/Octave/C OpenGL command for an onscreen window while an\nasynchronous flip operation was in progress on that window! This is not allowed for that command!\nFinalize the flip first via Screen('AsyncFlipCheckEnd') or Screen('AsyncFlipEnd')!\nAlternatively enable the imaging pipeline (help PsychImaging) to make this work.");
            }
        }

        // Note: We allow drawing to non-async-flipping onscreen windows and offscreen windows/textures/proxies which don't have
        // the same OpenGL context as any of the async-flipping windows, or drawing anywhere with the imaging pipeline on, because
        // the parallel background flip thread uses its own dedicated OpenGL context for its operations and the imaging pipeline
        // redirects any drawing into offscreen FBO's and thereby protects the system framebuffer from interference with flip ops.
        // This should be sufficient to prevent crashes and/or other GL malfunctions, so formally this is safe.
        // However, once created all textures/FBO's are shared between all contexts because we (have to) enable context resource
        // sharing on all our contexts for optimal performance and various of our features. That means that operations performed
        // on them may impact the performance and latency of operations in unrelated contexts, e.g., the ones involved in async flip
        //  --> Potential to impair the stimulus onset timing of async-flipping windows. Another reason for impaired timing is that
        // some ressources on the GPU can't be used in parallel to async flips, so operations in parallely executing contexts get
        // serialized due to ressource contention. Examples would be the command processor CP on ATI Radeons, which only exists once,
        // so all command streams have to be serialized --> Bufferswap trigger command packet could get stuck/stalled behind a large
        // bunch of drawing commands for an unrelated GL context and command stream in the worst case! This is totally dependent
        // on the gfx-drivers implementation of register programming for swap -- e.g., done through CP or done via direct register writes?
        //
        // While recent NVidia gpu's have multiple command fifo's, the execution of the actual rendering work is afaik mostly serialized,
        // just the scheduling of command streams is offloaded to hardware. In summary, pretty much all shipping GPU's as of beginning 2012
        // will impose some serialization somewhere in the rendering pipeline and are potentially vulnerable to cross-talk between
        // parallely executing OpenGL command streams, potentially causing timing issues.
        //
        // All in all, the option to render to non-flipping ressources may give a performance boost when used very carefully, but
        // may also impair good timing if not used by advanced/experienced users. But in some sense that is true for the whole async
        // flip stuff -- it is pushing the system pretty hard so it will always be more fragile wrt. system load fluctuations etc.
        //
        // A notable exception is Linux + DRI2 graphics stack on some GPU's, e.g., ATI/AMD: Its advanced swap scheduling allows to
        // remove some of the timing problems mentioned above, so parallel rendering may not impair swapping as much as on other
        // system configs.
    }

    // Child protection: Calling this function is only allowed in non-userspace rendering mode:
    if (PsychIsMasterThread() && PsychIsUserspaceRendering())
        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user, "You tried to call a Screen graphics command after Screen('BeginOpenGL'), but without calling Screen('EndOpenGL') beforehand! Read the help for 'Screen EndOpenGL?'.");

    // Call OS - specific context switching code:
    PsychOSSetGLContext(windowRecord);
}

/*
    PsychClearGLContext()

    Clear the drawing context.
 */
void PsychUnsetGLContext(void)
{
    PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "Ouuuucchhhh!!! PsychUnsetGLContext(void) called!!!!\n");
}

/*
    PsychGetMonitorRefreshInterval() -- Monitor refresh calibration.

    When called with numSamples>0, will enter a calibration loop that measures until
    either numSamples valid samples have been taken *and* measured standard deviation
    is below some spec'd threshold, or some maximum time has elapsed (timeout).
    The refresh interval - intervalHint (if >0) is taken as a hint for the real refresh
    interval to stabilize measurements by detection/elimination of outliers.

    The estimate is stored in the windowRecord of the associated onscreen-window for
    use by different PTB-Routines, e.g., PsychFlipWindowBuffers(), it is also returned
    in the double-return argument.

    When called with numSamples=0, will return the refresh interval estimated by a
    previous calibration run of the routine.

    This routine will be called in PsychOpenOnscreenWindow for initial calibration,
    taking at least 50 samples and can be triggered by Matlab by calling the
    SCREENGetFlipInterval routine, if an experimenter needs a more accurate estimate...
 */
double PsychGetMonitorRefreshInterval(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord, int* numSamples, double* maxsecs, double* stddev, double intervalHint, psych_bool* did_pageflip)
{
    int i = 0, j;
    double told, tnew, tdur, tstart;
    double tstddev=10000.0f;
    double tavg=0;
    double tavgsq=0;
    double n=0;
    double reqstddev=*stddev;   // stddev contains the requested standard deviation.
    int fallthroughcount=0;
    double* samples = NULL;
    int maxlogsamples = 0;
    psych_bool useOpenML = ((PsychPrefStateGet_VBLTimestampingMode() == 4) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychOpenMLDefective));
    int pflip_count = 0;

    if (did_pageflip) *did_pageflip = FALSE;

    // Child protection: We only work on double-buffered onscreen-windows...
    if (windowRecord->windowType != kPsychDoubleBufferOnscreen) {
        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_InvalidWindowRecord, "Tried to query/measure monitor refresh interval on a window that's not double-buffered and on-screen.");
    }

    // Calibration run requested?
    if (*numSamples > 0) {
        // Calibration run of 'numSamples' requested. Let's do it.

        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4) {
            // Allocate a sample logbuffer for maxsecs duration at 1000 hz refresh:
            maxlogsamples =  (int) (ceil(*maxsecs) * 1000);
            samples = calloc(sizeof(double), maxlogsamples);
        }

        // Switch to RT scheduling for timing tests:
        PsychRealtimePriority(true);

        // Wipe out old measurements:
        windowRecord->IFIRunningSum = 0;
        windowRecord->nrIFISamples = 0;

        // Enable this windowRecords framebuffer as current drawingtarget: Important to do this, even
        // if it gets immediately disabled below, as this also sets the OpenGL context and takes care
        // of all state transitions between onscreen/offscreen windows etc.:
        PsychSetDrawingTarget(windowRecord);

        // Disable any shaders:
        PsychSetShader(windowRecord, 0);

        // ...and immediately disable it in imagingmode, because it won't be the system backbuffer,
        // but a FBO -- which would break sync of glFinish() with bufferswaps and vertical retrace.
        if ((windowRecord->imagingMode > 0) && (windowRecord->imagingMode != kPsychNeedFastOffscreenWindows)) PsychSetDrawingTarget(NULL);

        glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK_LEFT);

        PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tnew);
        told = -1;

        // Need to redraw our splash image, as at least under Linux with the FOSS stack
        // in DRI3/Present mode, OpenGL is n-buffered with n dynamic but n > 2, ie.,
        // our old double-buffering assumption no longer holds:
        PsychDrawSplash(windowRecord);

        // Schedule a buffer-swap on next VBL:
        PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord);
        PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(windowRecord, 0, &tnew);

        // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord);

        if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_OSX) {
            // Give gfx-system a second to settle: This stupid hack to
            // counteract a new type of stupid bug introduced in OSX 10.11
            // El Capitan: Sync failure at each first run after application
            // startup. Thanks Apple!
            PsychYieldIntervalSeconds(1);
        }

        PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tstart);

        // Take samples during consecutive refresh intervals:
        // We measure until either:
        // - A maximum measurement time of maxsecs seconds has elapsed... (This is the emergency switch to prevent infinite loops).
        // - Or at least numSamples valid samples have been taken AND measured standard deviation is below the requested deviation stddev.
        for (i = 0; (fallthroughcount<10) && ((tnew - tstart) < *maxsecs) && (n < *numSamples || ((n >= *numSamples) && (tstddev > reqstddev))); i++) {
            // Draw splash image again, to handle Linux DRI3/Present and similar setups:
            PsychDrawSplash(windowRecord);

            // Schedule a buffer-swap on next VBL:
            PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord);

            // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
            PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord);

            if (!(useOpenML && (PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(windowRecord, 0, &tnew) >= 0))) {
                // OpenML swap completion timestamping unsupported, disabled, or failed.
                // Use our standard trick instead.

                // Wait for it, aka VBL start: See PsychFlipWindowBuffers for explanation...
                PsychWaitPixelSyncToken(windowRecord, FALSE);

                // At this point, start of VBL has happened and we can continue execution...
                // We take our timestamp here:
                PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tnew);

                // Ask GPU if a Pageflip was used and under our control:
                if (2 == PsychIsGPUPageflipUsed(windowRecord)) pflip_count++;
            }

            // We skip the first measurement, because we first need to establish an initial base-time 'told'
            if (told > 0) {
                // Compute duration of this refresh interval in tnew:
                tdur = tnew - told;

                // This is a catch for complete sync-failure:
                // tdur < 0.004 can happen occasionally due to operating system scheduling jitter,
                // in this case tdur will be >> 1 monitor refresh for next iteration. Both samples
                // will be rejected, so they don't skew the estimate.
                // But if tdur < 0.004 for multiple consecutive frames, this indicates that
                // synchronization fails completely and we are just "falling through" glFinish(),
                // unless we are running on a ultra-high video refresh rate display with > 250 Hz refresh,
                // then all bets are off and we skip this check at the moment.
                // A fallthroughcount>=10 will therefore abort the measurment-loop and invalidate
                // the whole result - indicating VBL sync trouble...
                // We need this additional check, because without it, we could get 1 valid sample with
                // approx. 10 ms ifi accidentally because the whole loop can stall for 10 ms on overload.
                // The 10 ms value is a valid value corresponding to 100 Hz refresh and by coincidence its
                // the "standard-timeslicing quantum" of the MacOS-X scheduler... ...Wonderful world of
                // operating system design and unintended side-effects for poor psychologists... ;-)
                fallthroughcount = ((tdur < 0.004) && (intervalHint > 0.004 || intervalHint <= 0)) ? fallthroughcount+1 : 0;

                // Shorten our measured time sample by the delay introduced by a potentially running
                // and interfering compositor, so we discount that confound. Needed, e.g., for Windows DWM
                // and Wayland + Weston, at least before Weston 1.8.:
                tdur = PsychOSAdjustForCompositorDelay(windowRecord, tdur, TRUE);

                // We accept the measurement as valid if either no intervalHint is available as reference or
                // we are in an interval between +/-20% of the hint.
                // If we are in OpenGL native stereo display mode, aka temporally interleaved flip-frame stereo,
                // then we also accept samples that are in a +/-20% rnage around twice the intervalHint. This is,
                // because in OpenGL stereo mode, some hardware doubles the flip-interval: It only flips every 2nd
                // video refresh, so a doubled flip interval is a legal valid result.
                if (((intervalHint<=0) || (intervalHint>0 &&
                    (((tdur > 0.8 * intervalHint) && (tdur < 1.2 * intervalHint)) ||
                    (((windowRecord->stereomode==kPsychOpenGLStereo) || (windowRecord->multiSample > 0) || windowRecord->hybridGraphics) &&
                     (tdur > 0.8 * 2 * intervalHint) && (tdur < 1.2 * 2 * intervalHint))
                    )))) {
                    // Valid measurement - Update our estimate:
                    windowRecord->IFIRunningSum = windowRecord->IFIRunningSum + tdur;
                    windowRecord->nrIFISamples = windowRecord->nrIFISamples + 1;

                    // Update our sliding mean and standard-deviation:
                    tavg = tavg + tdur;
                    tavgsq = tavgsq + (tdur * tdur);
                    n=windowRecord->nrIFISamples;
                    tstddev = (n>1) ? sqrt( ( tavgsq - ( tavg * tavg / n ) ) / (n-1) ) : 10000.0f;
                }

                // Store current sample in samplebuffer if requested:
                if (samples && i < maxlogsamples) samples[i] = tdur;
            }

            // Update reference timestamp:
            told = tnew;
            
            // Some (buggy!) drivers, e.g., the ATI Radeon X1600 driver on
            // OS/X 10.4.10, do not limit the number of bufferswaps to 1 per refresh cycle as mandated
            // by the spec, but they allow as many bufferswaps as you want, as long as all of them happen
            // inside the VBL period! Basically the swap-trigger seems to be level-triggered instead of
            // edge-triggered. This leads to a ratio of 2 invalid samples followed by 1 valid sample.
            // If we'd reset our told at each invalid sample, we would need over 3 times the amount of
            // samples for a useable calibration --> No go. Now we wait for 1 msecs after each sample,
            // so the VBL period will be over before we manage to try to swap again.
            //
            // Pause for 1 msec after a sample was taken. This to guarantee we're out
            // of the VBL period of the successfull swap. Skip for ultra-high refresh rate displays:
            if (intervalHint > 0.004 || intervalHint <= 0)
                PsychWaitIntervalSeconds(0.001);
        } // Next measurement loop iteration...

        // Switch back to old scheduling after timing tests:
        PsychRealtimePriority(false);

        // Ok, now we should have a pretty good estimate of IFI.
        if ((windowRecord->nrIFISamples <= 0) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1)) {
            printf("PTB-WARNING: Couldn't even collect one single valid flip interval sample! Sanity range checks failed!\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: Could be a system bug, or a temporary timing problem. Retrying the procedure might help if\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: the latter is the culprit.\n");
        }

        // Some additional check:
        if (fallthroughcount>=10) {
            // Complete sync failure! Invalidate all measurements:
            windowRecord->nrIFISamples = 0;
            n=0;
            tstddev=1000000.0;
            windowRecord->VideoRefreshInterval = 0;
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) {
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Couldn't collect valid flip interval samples! Fatal VBL sync failure!\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Either synchronization of doublebuffer swapping to the vertical retrace signal of your display is broken,\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: or the mechanism for detection of swap completion is broken. In any case, this is an operating system or gfx-driver bug!\n");
            }
        }

        *numSamples = (int) n;
        *stddev = tstddev;

        // Verbose output requested? We dump our whole buffer of samples to the console:
        if (samples) {
            printf("\n\nPTB-DEBUG: Output of all acquired samples of calibration run follows:\n");
            for (j=0; j<i; j++) printf("PTB-DEBUG: Sample %i: %f\n", j, samples[j]);
            free(samples);
            samples = NULL;

            printf("PTB-DEBUG: End of calibration data for this run...\n\n");
        }

        // Summary of pageflip only makes sense if !useOpenML, so actual accounting was done:
        if (!useOpenML && (PsychIsGPUPageflipUsed(windowRecord) >= 0)) {
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4)
                printf("PTB-DEBUG: %i out of %i samples confirm use of GPU pageflipping for the swap during refresh calibration.\n", pflip_count, i);

            // Good result?
            if (pflip_count >= i - 1) {
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4)
                    printf("PTB-DEBUG: --> Good, one neccessary condition for defined visual timing is satisfied.\n");
            }
            else if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) {
                // No reliable pageflipping or pageflipping at all. This is pretty much game over for reliable
                // visual timing or timestamping:
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Pageflipping wasn't used %s during refresh calibration. Visual presentation timing on your system\n",
                       (pflip_count > 0) ? "consistently" : "at all");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: is broken on your system and all followup tests and workarounds will likely fail as well.\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: On a Apple macOS system you probably don't need to even bother asking anybody for help. Just\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: upgrade to Linux if you care about trustworthy visual timing and stimulation.\n\n");
            }
        }
    } // End of IFI measurement code.
    else {
        // No measurements taken...
        *numSamples = 0;
        *stddev = 0;
    }

    if ((i > 0) && (pflip_count > 0) && (pflip_count >= i - 1)) {
        // Pageflip was used consistently during measurement - a good sign:
        if (did_pageflip) *did_pageflip = TRUE;
    }

    // Return the current estimate of flip interval & monitor refresh interval, if any...
    if (windowRecord->nrIFISamples > 0) {
        return(windowRecord->IFIRunningSum / windowRecord->nrIFISamples);
    }
    else {
        // Invalidate refresh on error.
        windowRecord->VideoRefreshInterval = 0;
        return(0);
    }
}

/*
    PsychVisualBell()

    Visual bell: Flashes the screen multiple times by changing background-color.
    This meant to be used when PTB detects some condition important for the user.
    The idea is to output some debug/warning messages to the Matlab command window,
    but as the user can't see them while the fullscreen stimulus window is open, we
    have to tell him/her somehow that his attention is recquired.
    This is mostly used in Screen('OpenWindow') of some tests fail or similar things...

    "duration" Defines duration in seconds.
    "belltype" Defines kind of info (Info = 0, Warning = 1, Error/Urgent = 2, 3 = Visual flicker test-sheet)

*/
void PsychVisualBell(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord, double duration, int belltype)
{
    double tdeadline, tcurrent;
    GLclampf v=0;
    GLclampf color[4];
    float f = 0;
    float scanline;
    CGDirectDisplayID cgDisplayID;
    float w,h;
    int visual_debuglevel;
    PsychGetCGDisplayIDFromScreenNumber(&cgDisplayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);

    // Query current visual feedback level and abort, if it doesn't
    // allow requested type of visual feedback:
    visual_debuglevel = PsychPrefStateGet_VisualDebugLevel();
    if (belltype == 0 && visual_debuglevel < 3) return;
    if (belltype == 1 && visual_debuglevel < 2) return;
    if (belltype == 2 && visual_debuglevel < 1) return;
    if (belltype == 3 && visual_debuglevel < 5) return;

    glGetFloatv(GL_COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE, (GLfloat*) &color);

    PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tdeadline);
    tdeadline+=duration;

    // Enable this windowRecords framebuffer as current drawingtarget:
    PsychSetDrawingTarget(windowRecord);

    w = (float) PsychGetWidthFromRect(windowRecord->rect);
    h = (float) PsychGetHeightFromRect(windowRecord->rect);

    // Clear out all potentially 3 buffers so it doesn't look like junk,
    // even if on a triple-buffered graphics system:
    glClearColor(0,0,0,1);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord);

    // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
    PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord);

    // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
    PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord);

    // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
    PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord);

    if (belltype==3) {
        // Test-Sheet mode: Need smaller warning triangle...
        w=w/3;
        h=h/3;
    }

    do {
        // Take timestamp for abort-check and driving animation:
        PsychGetAdjustedPrecisionTimerSeconds(&tcurrent);

        // Calc our visual ;-)
        v = (float) (0.5 + 0.5 * sin(tcurrent*6.283));

        switch (belltype) {
            case 0: // Info - Make it blue
                glClearColor(0,0,v,1);
                break;
            case 1: // Warning - Make it yellow
                glClearColor(v,v,0,1);
                break;
            case 2: // Error - Make it red
                glClearColor(v,0,0,1);
                break;
            case 3: // Test-Sheet - Don't clear...
                // Draw some flickering area (alternating black-white flicker)
                f=1-f;
                glBegin(GL_QUADS);
                glColor3f(f,f,f);
                glVertex2f(0.00f*w, 0.00f*h);
                glVertex2f(2.00f*w, 0.00f*h);
                glVertex2f(2.00f*w, 3.00f*h);
                glVertex2f(0.00f*w, 3.00f*h);
                glColor3f(0,0,v);
                glVertex2f(0.00f*w, 0.00f*h);
                glVertex2f(1.00f*w, 0.00f*h);
                glVertex2f(1.00f*w, 1.00f*h);
                glVertex2f(0.00f*w, 1.00f*h);
                glEnd();
                break;
        }

        if (belltype!=3) glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

        // Draw a yellow triangle with black border:
        glColor3f(0,0,0);
        glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
        glVertex2f(0.1f*w, 0.1f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.9f*w, 0.1f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.5f*w, 0.9f*h);
        glColor3f(1,1,0);
        glVertex2f(0.2f*w, 0.2f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.8f*w, 0.2f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.5f*w, 0.8f*h);
        glEnd();

        // Draw a black exclamation mark into triangle:
        glBegin(GL_QUADS);
        glColor3f(0,0,0);
        glVertex2f(0.47f*w, 0.23f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.53f*w, 0.23f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.53f*w, 0.55f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.47f*w, 0.55f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.47f*w, 0.60f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.53f*w, 0.60f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.53f*w, 0.70f*h);
        glVertex2f(0.47f*w, 0.70f*h);
        glEnd();

        // Initiate back-front buffer flip:
        PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers(windowRecord);

        // Protect against multi-threading trouble if needed:
        PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(windowRecord);

        // Our old VBL-Sync trick again... We need sync to VBL to visually check if
        // beamposition is locked to VBL:
        PsychWaitPixelSyncToken(windowRecord, FALSE);

        // Query and visualize scanline immediately after VBL onset, aka return of glFinish();
        scanline = (float) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);
        if (belltype==3) {
            glColor3f(1,1,0);
            glBegin(GL_LINES);
            glVertex2f(2*w, scanline);
            glVertex2f(3*w, scanline);
            glEnd();
        }
    } while (tcurrent < tdeadline);

    // Restore clear color:
    glClearColor(color[0], color[1], color[2], color[3]);

    return;
}

/*
 * PsychPreFlipOperations()  -- Prepare windows backbuffer for flip.
 *
 * This routine performs all preparatory work to bring the windows backbuffer in its
 * final state for bufferswap as soon as possible.
 *
 * If a special stereo display mode is active, it performs all necessary drawing/setup/
 * compositing operations to assemble the final stereo display from the content of diverse
 * stereo backbuffers/AUX buffers/stereo metadata and such.
 *
 * If clearmode = Don't clear after flip is selected, the necessary backup copy of the
 * backbuffers into AUX buffers is made, so backbuffer can be restored to previous state
 * after Flip.
 *
 * This routine is called automatically by PsychFlipWindowBuffers on Screen('Flip') time as
 * well as by Screen('DrawingFinished') for manually triggered preflip work.
 *
 * -> Unifies the code in Flip and DrawingFinished.
 *
 */
void PsychPreFlipOperations(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord, int clearmode)
{
    int screenwidth=(int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(windowRecord->rect);
    int screenheight=(int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(windowRecord->rect);
    int stereo_mode=windowRecord->stereomode;
    int imagingMode = windowRecord->imagingMode;
    int viewid, hookchainid;
    GLint read_buffer, draw_buffer, blending_on;
    GLint auxbuffers;
    int queryState;
    GLenum blitscalemode;
    char overridepString1[100];

    // Early reject: If this flag is set, then there's no need for any processing:
    // We only continue processing textures, aka offscreen windows...
    if (windowRecord->windowType!=kPsychTexture && windowRecord->backBufferBackupDone) return;

    // We also reject any request not coming from the master thread:
    if (!PsychIsMasterThread()) return;

    // Enable this windowRecords framebuffer as current drawingtarget:
    PsychSetDrawingTarget(windowRecord);

    // Execute hook chain for ops post-user space drawing (e.g., drawing an overlay over user content):
    PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychUserspaceBufferDrawingFinished, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

    // We stop processing here if window is a texture, aka offscreen window...
    if (windowRecord->windowType==kPsychTexture) return;

    #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS
        // Enforce a one-shot GUI event queue dispatch via this dummy call to PsychGetMouseButtonState() to
        // make MS-Windows GUI event processing happy. Not strictly related to preflip operations, but couldn't
        // think of a better place to guarantee periodic execution of this function without screwing too much with
        // timing:
        PsychGetMouseButtonState(NULL);
    #endif

    // Make sure we don't execute on an onscreen window with pending async flip, as this would interfere
    // by touching the system backbuffer -> Corruption of the flip-pending stimulus image by the new stimulus!
    if (windowRecord->flipInfo->asyncstate > 0) {
        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "PsychPreFlipOperations() called on onscreen window with pending async flip?!? Forbidden!");
    }

    // Disable any shaders:
    PsychSetShader(windowRecord, 0);

    // Reset viewport to full-screen default:
    glViewport(0, 0, screenwidth, screenheight);
    glScissor(0, 0, screenwidth, screenheight);

    // Reset color buffer writemask to "All enabled":
    glColorMask(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE);

    // Query number of available AUX-buffers:
    if ((PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychDisableAUXBuffers) || !PsychIsGLClassic(windowRecord)) {
        auxbuffers = 0;
    }
    else glGetIntegerv(GL_AUX_BUFFERS, &auxbuffers);

    // Set transform matrix to well-defined state:
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glPushMatrix();

    // The following code is for traditional non-imaging rendering. Its also executed for
    // the special case of FBO backed Offscreen windows only:
    if (imagingMode == 0 || imagingMode == kPsychNeedFastOffscreenWindows) {
        // Check for compressed stereo handling...
        if (stereo_mode==kPsychCompressedTLBRStereo || stereo_mode==kPsychCompressedTRBLStereo) {
            if (auxbuffers<2) {
                PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user,  "OpenGL AUX buffers unavailable! The requested stereo mode doesn't work without them.\n"
                                                    "Either unsupported by your graphics card, or you disabled them via call to Screen('Preference', 'ConserveVRAM')?\n"
                                                    "On a modern graphics card, try to enable the imaging pipeline (see 'help PsychImaging') to make it work anyway.");
            }

            // Compressed stereo mode active. Compositing already done?
            // Backup backbuffer -> AUX buffer: We trigger this via transition to "no buffer":
            PsychSwitchCompressedStereoDrawBuffer(windowRecord, 2);

            // Ok, now both AUX buffers contain the final stereo content: Compose them into
            // back-buffer:
            PsychComposeCompressedStereoBuffer(windowRecord);
        }
        // Non-compressed stereo case: Mono or other stereo alg. Normal treatment applies...
        // Check if we should do the backbuffer -> AUX buffer backup, because we use
        // clearmode 1 aka "Don't clear after flip, but retain backbuffer content"
        else if (clearmode==1 && windowRecord->windowType==kPsychDoubleBufferOnscreen) {
            // Backup current assignment of read- writebuffers:
            glGetIntegerv(GL_READ_BUFFER, &read_buffer);
            glGetIntegerv(GL_DRAW_BUFFER, &draw_buffer);
            blending_on = (int) glIsEnabled(GL_BLEND);
            glDisable(GL_BLEND);

            // Is this window equipped with a native OpenGL stereo rendering context?
            // If so, then we need to backup both backbuffers (left-eye and right-eye),
            // instead of only the monoscopic one.
            if (stereo_mode==kPsychOpenGLStereo) {
                if (auxbuffers<2) {
                    PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user,  "OpenGL AUX buffers unavailable! dontclear=1 in Screen-Flip doesn't work without them.\n"
                                                        "Either unsupported by your graphics card, or you disabled them via call to Screen('Preference', 'ConserveVRAM')?\n"
                                                        "On a modern graphics card, try to enable the imaging pipeline (see 'help PsychImaging') to make it work anyway.");
                }

                glDrawBuffer(GL_AUX0);
                glReadBuffer(GL_BACK_LEFT);
                glRasterPos2i(0, screenheight);
                glCopyPixels(0, 0, screenwidth, screenheight, GL_COLOR);
                glDrawBuffer(GL_AUX1);
                glReadBuffer(GL_BACK_RIGHT);
                glRasterPos2i(0, screenheight);
                glCopyPixels(0, 0, screenwidth, screenheight, GL_COLOR);
            }
            else {
                // Single backbuffer: Here we provide a fallback implementation in case AUX buffers
                // are unavailable:
                if (auxbuffers < 1) {
                    // No aux buffers. We use OpenGL textures as replacement solution.
                    // Backup current backbuffer of current onscreen window to a texture, create
                    // the texture if neccessary:
                    PsychBackupFramebufferToBackingTexture(windowRecord);
                }
                else {
                    // At least one aux buffer: Use it for fast backup/restore:
                    glDrawBuffer(GL_AUX0);
                    glReadBuffer(GL_BACK);
                    glRasterPos2i(0, screenheight);
                    glCopyPixels(0, 0, screenwidth, screenheight, GL_COLOR);
                }
            }

            if (blending_on) glEnable(GL_BLEND);

            // Restore assignment of read- writebuffers:
            glReadBuffer(read_buffer);
            glDrawBuffer(draw_buffer);
        }

        // Check if the finalizer blit chain is operational. This is the only blit chain available for preflip operations in non-imaging mode,
        // useful for encoding special information into final framebuffer images, e.g., sync lines, time stamps, cluts...
        // All other blit chains are only available in imaging mode - they need support for shaders and framebuffer objects...
        if (PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, kPsychLeftFinalizerBlit) || PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, kPsychRightFinalizerBlit)) {
            glGetIntegerv(GL_READ_BUFFER, &read_buffer);
            glGetIntegerv(GL_DRAW_BUFFER, &draw_buffer);
            blending_on = (int) glIsEnabled(GL_BLEND);
            glDisable(GL_BLEND);

            // Process each of the (up to two) streams:
            for (viewid = 0; viewid < ((stereo_mode == kPsychOpenGLStereo) ? 2 : 1); viewid++) {
                // Select drawbuffer:
                if (stereo_mode == kPsychOpenGLStereo) {
                    // Quad buffered stereo: Select proper backbuffer:
                    glDrawBuffer((viewid==0) ? GL_BACK_LEFT : GL_BACK_RIGHT);
                } else {
                    // Mono mode: Select backbuffer:
                    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
                }

                // This special purpose blit chains can be used to encode low-level information about frames into
                // the frames or do other limited per-frame processing. Their main use (as of now) is to draw
                // the blue-line sync signal into quad-buffered windows in quad-buffered stereo mode. One could
                // use them e.g., to encode a frame index, a timestamp or a trigger signal into frames as well.
                // Encoding CLUTs for devices like the Bits++ is conceivable as well - these would be automatically
                // synchronous to frame updates and could be injected from our own gamma-table functions.
                PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, (viewid==0) ? kPsychLeftFinalizerBlit : kPsychRightFinalizerBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
            }

            // Restore blending mode:
            if (blending_on) glEnable(GL_BLEND);

            // Restore assignment of read- writebuffers:
            glReadBuffer(read_buffer);
            glDrawBuffer(draw_buffer);
        }

        // Restore modelview matrix:
        glPopMatrix();

    }    // End of traditional preflip path.

    if (imagingMode && imagingMode != kPsychNeedFastOffscreenWindows) {
        // Preflip operations for imaging mode:

        // Detach any active drawing targets:
        PsychSetDrawingTarget(NULL);

        // Reset modelview matrix to identity:
        glLoadIdentity();

        // Save all state:
        glPushAttrib(GL_ALL_ATTRIB_BITS);

        // Disable alpha-blending:
        glDisable(GL_BLEND);

        // Execute post processing sequence for this onscreen window:

        // Is there a need for special processing on the drawBufferFBO during copy to inputBufferFBO?
        // Or are both identical?
        for (viewid = 0; viewid < ((stereo_mode > 0) ? 2 : 1); viewid++) {
            if (windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid] != windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[viewid]) {
                // Separate draw- and inputbuffers: We need to copy the drawBufferFBO to its
                // corresponding inputBufferFBO, applying a special conversion operation.

                // Set proper binding of source and destination FBO for blit, unless we use the texture
                // blitter fallback below, in which case these separte low-level bindings are not needed:
                if (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBOBlit) {
                    // Supported:
                    glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[viewid]]->fboid);
                    glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]->fboid);
                }
                else {
                    // Only fallback possible. This rules out any multisample resolve blits, and thereby means failure on
                    // multisampled configs, unless multisample textures as colorbuffer attachment are supported and setup:
                    if (((windowRecord->multiSample > 0) && (windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[viewid]]->textarget != GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE)) ||
                        ((windowRecord->multiSample == 0) && !(windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychNeedGPUPanelFitter))) {
                        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "Tried to do multisample resolve, or a non-panelfitter op in drawbuffer->inputbuffer stage, but this is unsupported on your gpu! Bug?!?");
                    }
                }

                // Panelfitter requested?
                if (windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychNeedGPUPanelFitter) {
                    // Need to rescale and/or reposition during src->dest blit to implement panel scaling.

                    // Simultaneous Multisample-resolve during blit requested and supported? If so, use special blitmode to do both in one go.
                    // Otherwise just use bilinear filtering for nice scaling:
                    blitscalemode = ((windowRecord->multiSample > 0) && (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBOScaledResolveBlit)) ? GL_SCALED_RESOLVE_NICEST_EXT : GL_LINEAR;

                    // Do src- and dst- rectangles match in size? Then we can optimize:
                    if (((windowRecord->panelFitterParams[2] - windowRecord->panelFitterParams[0]) == (windowRecord->panelFitterParams[6] - windowRecord->panelFitterParams[4])) &&
                        ((windowRecord->panelFitterParams[3] - windowRecord->panelFitterParams[1]) == (windowRecord->panelFitterParams[7] - windowRecord->panelFitterParams[5]))) {
                        // Sizes of source and destination rectangles for blit are identical, therefore no scaling required, therefore we
                        // don't need a filter for the blit, just simple nearest-neighbour sampling, ie., a one-to-one blit from one location
                        // to the other, possibly with different (x,y) start and end offsets:
                        blitscalemode = GL_NEAREST;
                    }

                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4) {
                        printf("PTB-DEBUG: Panel-Fitter %s %sblit: [%i %i %i %i] -> [%i %i %i %i], Rotation=%i, RotCenter=[%i, %i]\n",
                                (blitscalemode == GL_NEAREST) ? "unscaled" : "scaled",
                                (windowRecord->multiSample > 0) ? "MultisampleResolveScale" : "Scale",
                                windowRecord->panelFitterParams[0], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[1], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[2], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[3],
                                windowRecord->panelFitterParams[4], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[5], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[6], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[7],
                                windowRecord->panelFitterParams[8], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[9], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[10]);
                    }

                    // This is a scaled blit, but all blit parameters are defined in the panelFitterParams array, which
                    // has to be set up by external code via Screen('PanelFitterProperties'). We can't use framebuffer blit
                    // if the target inputBufferFBO is itself multisampled, and the src and dst regions are of different size,
                    // as that would be a MSAA source --> MSAA target blit, for which rescaling is not supported:
                    if ((windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBOBlit) && (windowRecord->panelFitterParams[8] == 0) &&
                        ((windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]->multisample == 0) || (blitscalemode == GL_NEAREST))) {
                        // Framebuffer blitting supported, good!
                        glBlitFramebufferEXT(windowRecord->panelFitterParams[0], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[1], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[2],
                                            windowRecord->panelFitterParams[3],
                                            windowRecord->panelFitterParams[4], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[5], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[6],
                                            windowRecord->panelFitterParams[7],
                                            GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, blitscalemode);
                    }
                    else {
                        // Framebuffer blit unsupported or rotation requested. Use our normal texture blitting code as a fallback.
                        // This has two downsides: First, it doesn't allow multisampling resolve, unless multisample textures are supported
                        // and in use for drawBufferFBO's.
                        if ((windowRecord->multiSample > 0) && (windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[viewid]]->textarget != GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE)) {
                            // Ohoh, need multisampling resolve, but no multisample texture bound. Game over!
                            printf("PTB-ERROR: The requested panelfitting operation (most likely display rotation?) is not supported on your system if\n");
                            printf("PTB-ERROR: multisample anti-aliasing is active at the same time. Disable either multisampling, or the panelfitting task.\n");
                            PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user, "Tried to use panelfitter fallback with multisampling enabled, but multisampling unsupported on your gpu!");
                        }

                        // Second, it only allows to blit the original drawBufferFBO at its full size into a potentially scaled and
                        // offset inputBufferFBO destination region, ie., the source region is ignored aka
                        // panelFitterParams[0-3] are ignored. Should still work ok with many panelfitter
                        // modes, e.g., whenever a lower resolution virtual framebuffer is centered in, or
                        // upscaled to a higher resolution real framebuffer:
                        if (blitscalemode == GL_NEAREST) {
                            // Unscaled blit, possibly with offset in destination FBO:
                            sprintf(overridepString1, "Offset:%i:%i:Rotation:%f:RotCenter:%f:%f", windowRecord->panelFitterParams[4], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[5],
                                    (double) windowRecord->panelFitterParams[8],
                                    (double) windowRecord->panelFitterParams[9], (double) windowRecord->panelFitterParams[10]);
                        }
                        else {
                            // Scaled blit with bilinear filtering:
                            sprintf(overridepString1, "Bilinear:Offset:%i:%i:OvrSize:%i:%i:Rotation:%f:RotCenter:%f:%f",
                                    windowRecord->panelFitterParams[4], windowRecord->panelFitterParams[5],
                                    (windowRecord->panelFitterParams[6] - windowRecord->panelFitterParams[4]),
                                    (windowRecord->panelFitterParams[7] - windowRecord->panelFitterParams[5]),
                                    (double) windowRecord->panelFitterParams[8],
                                    (double) windowRecord->panelFitterParams[9], (double) windowRecord->panelFitterParams[10]);
                        }
                        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychIdentityBlit, overridepString1, NULL, TRUE, FALSE,
                                                &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[viewid]]), NULL,
                                                &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]), NULL);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    // No rescaling by panel-fitter required:
                    if (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBOBlit) {
                        // We use this for multisample-resolve of multisampled drawBufferFBO's.
                        // A simple glBlitFramebufferEXT() call will do the copy & downsample operation:
                        glBlitFramebufferEXT(0, 0, windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]->width,
                                            windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]->height,
                                            0, 0, windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]->width,
                                            windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]->height,
                                            GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, GL_NEAREST);
                    }
                    else {
                        // No blitting possible. Fallback to imaging pipeline, which has multisample texture bound,
                        // so that should work as well, albeit less efficient:
                        PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychIdentityBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE,
                                                &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[viewid]]), NULL,
                                                &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]), NULL);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Reset framebuffer binding to something safe - The system framebuffer:
        glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);

        // Generic image processing on viewchannels enabled?
        if (imagingMode & kPsychNeedImageProcessing) {
            // Yes. Process each of the (up to two) streams:
            for (viewid = 0; viewid < ((stereo_mode > 0) ? 2 : 1); viewid++) {
                // Processing chain enabled and non-empty?
                hookchainid = (viewid==0) ? kPsychStereoLeftCompositingBlit : kPsychStereoRightCompositingBlit;
                if (PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, hookchainid)) {
                    // Hook chain ready to do its job: Execute it.      userd,blitf
                    // Don't supply user-specific data, blitfunction is default blitter, unless defined otherwise in blitchain,
                    // srcfbos are read-only, swizzling forbidden, 2nd srcfbo doesn't exist (only needed for stereo merge op),
                    // We provide a bounce-buffer... We could bind the 2nd channel in steromode if we wanted. Should we?
                    // TODO: Define special userdata struct, e.g., for C-Callbacks or scripting callbacks?
                    PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, hookchainid, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]),
                                            (windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychNeedOtherStreamInput) ? &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[1 - viewid]]) : NULL,
                                            &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->processedDrawBufferFBO[viewid]]),
                                            (windowRecord->processedDrawBufferFBO[2]>=0) ? &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->processedDrawBufferFBO[2]]) : NULL);
                }
                else {
                    // Hook chain disabled by userspace or doesn't contain any instructions.
                    // Execute our special identity blit chain to transfer the data from source buffer
                    // to destination buffer:
                    PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychIdentityBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->inputBufferFBO[viewid]]), NULL, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->processedDrawBufferFBO[viewid]]), NULL);
                }
            }
        }

        // At this point, processedDrawBufferFBO[0 and 1] contain the per-viewchannel result of
        // user defined (or stereo) image processing.

        // Stereo processing: This depends on selected stereomode...
        if (stereo_mode <= kPsychOpenGLStereo || stereo_mode == kPsychDualWindowStereo || stereo_mode == kPsychFrameSequentialStereo || stereo_mode == kPsychDualStreamStereo) {
            // No stereo or quad-buffered stereo or dual-window stereo or own frame-seq stereo, or explicitely requested dual stereo streams - Nothing to do in merge stage.
        }
        else if (stereo_mode <= kPsychAnaglyphBRStereo) {
            // Merged stereo - All work is done by the anaglyph shader that was created for this purpose
            // in pipeline setup, no geometric transform or such are needed, so we can use the default blitter:
            if (PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, kPsychStereoCompositingBlit)) {
                // Don't supply user-specific data, blitfunction is default blitter, unless defined otherwise in blitchain,
                // srcfbos are read-only, swizzling forbidden, 2nd srcfbo is right-eye channel, whereas 1st srcfbo is left-eye channel.
                // We provide a bounce-buffer as well.
                // TODO: Define special userdata struct, e.g., for C-Callbacks or scripting callbacks?
                PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychStereoCompositingBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->processedDrawBufferFBO[0]]), &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->processedDrawBufferFBO[1]]), &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->preConversionFBO[0]]), (windowRecord->preConversionFBO[2]>=0) ? &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->preConversionFBO[2]]) : NULL);
            }
            else {
                // Hook chain disabled by userspace or doesn't contain any instructions.
                // We vitally need the compositing chain, there's no simple fallback here!
                PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "Processing chain for stereo processing merge operations is needed, but empty or disabled - No visual output produced! Bug?!?\n");
            }
        }
        else {
            // Invalid stereo mode?
            PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_internal, "Invalid stereo mode encountered!?!");
        }

        // At this point we have image data ready for final post-processing and special device output formatting...
        // In mono mode: Image in preConversionFBO[0].
        // In quad-buffered/dual-window/frameseq/dual-stream stereo modes: Left eye image in preConversionFBO[0], Right eye image in preConversionFBO[1].
        // In other stereo modes: Merged image in both preConversionFBO[0] and preConversionFBO[1], both reference the same image buffer.
        // If dual window output mode is requested, the merged - or single monoscopic - image is also in both
        // preConversionFBO[0] and preConversionFBO[1], as both reference the same image buffer.

        // Ready to create the final content, either for drawing into a snapshot buffer or into the real system framebuffer.
        // finalizedFBO[0] is set up to take the final image for anything but quad-buffered stereo.
        // In quad-buffered mode or other dual-stream/separate stream modes, finalizedFBO[0] shall receive the left-eye image, finalizedFBO[1] shall receive the right-eye image.
        // Each FBO is either a real FBO for framebuffer "screenshots" or the system framebuffer for final output into the backbuffer.

        // Process each of the (up to two) streams:
        for (viewid = 0; viewid < ((stereo_mode == kPsychOpenGLStereo || stereo_mode == kPsychFrameSequentialStereo ||
                                    stereo_mode == kPsychDualWindowStereo || stereo_mode == kPsychDualStreamStereo ||
                                    (imagingMode & kPsychNeedDualWindowOutput)) ? 2 : 1); viewid++) {

            // Select final drawbuffer if our target is the system framebuffer:
            if (windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->finalizedFBO[viewid]]->fboid == 0) {
                // Final target is system backbuffer:
                if (stereo_mode == kPsychOpenGLStereo) {
                    // Quad buffered stereo: Select proper backbuffer:
                    glDrawBuffer((viewid==0) ? GL_BACK_LEFT : GL_BACK_RIGHT);
                } else {
                    // Mono mode: Select backbuffer:
                    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
                }
            }

            // Output conversion needed, processing chain(s) enabled and non-empty?
            if ((imagingMode & kPsychNeedOutputConversion) && (PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, kPsychFinalOutputFormattingBlit) ||
                (PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, kPsychFinalOutputFormattingBlit0) && PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, kPsychFinalOutputFormattingBlit1)))) {
                // Output conversion needed and unified chain or dual-channel chains operational.
                // Which ones to use?
                if (PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, kPsychFinalOutputFormattingBlit0)) {
                    // Dual stream chains for separate formatting of both output views are active.
                    // Unified chain active as well? That would be reason for a little warning about conflicts...
                    if (PsychIsHookChainOperational(windowRecord, kPsychFinalOutputFormattingBlit) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1)) {
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: Both, separate chains *and* unified chain for image output formatting active! Coding bug?!? Will use separate chains as override.\n");
                    }

                    // Use proper per view output formatting chain:
                    PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, ((viewid > 0) ? kPsychFinalOutputFormattingBlit1 : kPsychFinalOutputFormattingBlit0), NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE,
                                            &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->preConversionFBO[viewid]]),
                                            ((windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychNeedOtherStreamInput) && (windowRecord->preConversionFBO[1-viewid]>=0)) ? &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->preConversionFBO[1 - viewid]]) : NULL,
                                            &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->finalizedFBO[viewid]]),
                                            (windowRecord->preConversionFBO[2]>=0) ? &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->preConversionFBO[2]]) : NULL);
                }
                else {
                    // Single unified formatting chain to be used:
                    PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychFinalOutputFormattingBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE,
                                            &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->preConversionFBO[viewid]]),
                                            ((windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychNeedOtherStreamInput) && (windowRecord->preConversionFBO[1-viewid]>=0)) ? &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->preConversionFBO[1 - viewid]]) : NULL,
                                            &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->finalizedFBO[viewid]]), (windowRecord->preConversionFBO[2]>=0) ? &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->preConversionFBO[2]]) : NULL);
                }
            }
            else {
                // No conversion needed or chain disabled: Do our identity blit, but only if really needed!
                // This gets skipped in mono-mode if no conversion needed and only single-pass image processing
                // applied. In that case, the image processing stage did the final blit already.
                if (windowRecord->preConversionFBO[viewid] != windowRecord->finalizedFBO[viewid]) {
                    if ((imagingMode & kPsychNeedOutputConversion) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>3)) printf("PTB-INFO: Processing chain(s) for output conversion disabled -- Using identity copy as workaround.\n");
                    PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, kPsychIdentityBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->preConversionFBO[viewid]]), NULL, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->finalizedFBO[viewid]]), NULL);
                }
            }

            // This special purpose blit chains can be used to encode low-level information about frames into
            // the frames or do other limited per-frame processing. Their main use (as of now) is to draw
            // the blue-line sync signal into quad-buffered windows in quad-buffered stereo mode. One could
            // use them e.g., to encode a frame index, a timestamp or a trigger signal into frames as well.
            // Encoding CLUTs for devices like the Bits++ is conceivable as well - these would be automatically
            // synchronous to frame updates and could be injected from our own gamma-table functions.
            PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord, (viewid==0) ? kPsychLeftFinalizerBlit : kPsychRightFinalizerBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL, NULL, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->finalizedFBO[viewid]]), NULL);
        }

        // At this point we should have either a valid snapshot of the framebuffer in the finalizedFBOs, or
        // (the common case) the final image in the system backbuffers, ready for display after swap.

        // Disabled debug code:
        if (FALSE) {
            windowRecord->textureNumber = windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[0]]->coltexid;

            // Now we need to blit the new rendertargets texture into the framebuffer. We need to make
            // sure that alpha-blending is disabled during this blit operation:
            // Alpha blending not enabled. Just blit it:
            PsychBlitTextureToDisplay(windowRecord, windowRecord, windowRecord->rect, windowRecord->rect, 0, 0, 1);

            windowRecord->textureNumber = 0;
        }

        // Restore all state, including blending and texturing state:
        glPopAttrib();

        // Restore modelview matrix:
        glPopMatrix();

        // In dual-window stereomode or dual-window output mode, we need to copy the finalizedFBO[1] into the backbuffer of
        // the slave-window:
        if (stereo_mode == kPsychDualWindowStereo || (imagingMode & kPsychNeedDualWindowOutput)) {
            if (windowRecord->slaveWindow == NULL) {
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>3) printf("PTB-INFO: Skipping master->slave blit operation in dual-window stereo mode or output mode...\n");
            }
            else {
                // Perform blit operation: This looks weird. Due to the peculiar implementation of PsychPipelineExecuteHook() we must
                // pass slaveWindow as reference, so its GL context is activated. That means we will execute its default identity
                // blit chain (which was setup in SCREENOpenWindow.c). We blit from windowRecords finalizedFBO[1] - which is a color
                // texture with the final stimulus image for slaveWindow into finalizedFBO[0], which is just a pseudo-FBO representing
                // the system framebuffer - and therefore the backbuffer of slaveWindow.
                // -> This is a bit dirty and convoluted, but its the most efficient procedure for this special case.
                PsychPipelineExecuteHook(windowRecord->slaveWindow, kPsychIdentityBlit, NULL, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->finalizedFBO[1]]), NULL, &(windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->finalizedFBO[0]]), NULL);

                // Paranoia mode: A dual-window display configuration must swap both display windows in
                // close sync with each other and the vertical retraces of their respective display heads. Due
                // to the non-atomic submission of the swap-commands this config is especially prone to one display
                // missing the VBL deadline and flipping one video refresh too late. We try to reduce the chance of
                // this happening by forcing both rendering contexts of both displays to finish rendering now. That
                // way both backbuffers will be ready for swap and likelihood of a asymetric miss is much lower.
                // This may however cost a bit of performance on some setups...
                glFinish();

                // Fixup possible low-level framebuffer layout changes caused by commands above this point. Needed from native 10bpc FB support to work reliably.
                // First fixup framebuffer of slave window:
                PsychFixupNative10BitFramebufferEnableAfterEndOfSceneMarker(windowRecord->slaveWindow);

                // Restore current context and glFinish it as well:
                PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);
                glFinish();

                // Then fixup framebuffer of master window:
                PsychFixupNative10BitFramebufferEnableAfterEndOfSceneMarker(windowRecord);
            }
        }
    }    // End of preflip operations for imaging mode:

    // Tell Flip that backbuffer backup has been done already to avoid redundant backups. This is a bit of a
    // unlucky name. It actually signals that all the preflip processing has been done, the old name is historical.
    windowRecord->backBufferBackupDone = true;

    // End time measurement for any previously submitted rendering commands if a
    // GPU rendertime query was requested (See Screen('GetWindowInfo', ..); for infoType 5.
    if (windowRecord->gpuRenderTimeQuery) {
        // Unfinished query? If so, finish it.
        glGetQueryiv(GL_TIME_ELAPSED_EXT, GL_CURRENT_QUERY, &queryState);
        if (queryState > 0) glEndQuery(GL_TIME_ELAPSED_EXT);
    }

    return;
}

/*
 * PsychPostFlipOperations()  -- Prepare windows backbuffer after flip.
 *
 * This routine performs all preparatory work to bring the windows backbuffer in its
 * proper state for drawing the next stimulus after bufferswap has completed.
 *
 * If a special stereo display mode is active, it performs all necessary setup/
 * operations to restore the content of diverse stereo backbuffers/AUX buffers/stereo
 * metadata and such.
 *
 * If clearmode = Don't clear after flip is selected, the backbuffer is restored to previous state
 * after Flip from the AUX buffer copies.
 *
 * This routine is called automatically by PsychFlipWindowBuffers on Screen('Flip') time after
 * the flip has happened.
 *
 * -> Unifies the code in Flip and DrawingFinished.
 *
 */
void PsychPostFlipOperations(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord, int clearmode)
{
    GLenum glerr;
    int screenwidth=(int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(windowRecord->rect);
    int screenheight=(int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(windowRecord->rect);
    int stereo_mode=windowRecord->stereomode;
    GLint blending_on, auxbuffers;

    // Switch to associated GL-Context of windowRecord:
    PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);

    // Imaging pipeline off?
    if (windowRecord->imagingMode==0 || windowRecord->imagingMode == kPsychNeedFastOffscreenWindows) {
        // Imaging pipeline disabled: This is the old-style way of doing things:

        // Set transform matrix to well-defined state:
        glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
        glPushMatrix();

        // Vertical compression stereo active? This needs special treatment...
        if (stereo_mode==kPsychCompressedTLBRStereo || stereo_mode==kPsychCompressedTRBLStereo) {
            // Yes. We reset the active stereo buffer to 2 == none selected.
            windowRecord->stereodrawbuffer=2;
            // In clearmode==1, aka retain we don't do anything. This way the AUX buffers
            // restore the preflip state automatically. clearmode=2 is undefined by definition ;-)
            if (clearmode==0) {
                // clearmode 0 active. Sterobuffers shall be cleared on flip. We just
                // reset the dirty-flags of the AUX buffers, so backbuffer gets cleared
                // on first use after selection of a new stereo draw buffer:
                windowRecord->auxbuffer_dirty[0]=FALSE;
                windowRecord->auxbuffer_dirty[1]=FALSE;
            }
        }
        // In other stereo modes and mono mode, we don't need to play backbuffer-AUX buffer games,
        // just treat'em as in mono case...
        else if (clearmode!=2) {
            // Reinitialization of back buffer for drawing of next stim requested:
            if (clearmode==1) {
                // We shall not clear the back buffer(s), but restore them to state before "Flip",
                // so previous stim can be incrementally updated where this makes sense.
                // Copy back our backup-copy from AUX buffers:
                blending_on = (int) glIsEnabled(GL_BLEND);
                if (blending_on) glDisable(GL_BLEND);

                // Need to do it on both backbuffers when OpenGL native stereo is enabled:
                if (stereo_mode==kPsychOpenGLStereo) {
                    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK_LEFT);
                    glReadBuffer(GL_AUX0);
                    glRasterPos2i(0, screenheight);
                    glCopyPixels(0, 0, screenwidth, screenheight, GL_COLOR);
                    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK_RIGHT);
                    glReadBuffer(GL_AUX1);
                    glRasterPos2i(0, screenheight);
                    glCopyPixels(0, 0, screenwidth, screenheight, GL_COLOR);
                }
                else {
                    // At least one AUX buffer supported?
                    if ((PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychDisableAUXBuffers) || !PsychIsGLClassic(windowRecord)) {
                        auxbuffers = 0;
                    }
                    else {
                        glGetIntegerv(GL_AUX_BUFFERS, &auxbuffers);
                    }

                    if (auxbuffers > 0) {
                        // Restore backbuffer from aux buffer 0:
                        glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
                        glReadBuffer(GL_AUX0);
                        glRasterPos2i(0, screenheight);
                        glCopyPixels(0, 0, screenwidth, screenheight, GL_COLOR);
                    }
                    else {
                        // Restore backbuffer from backing shadow texture:
                        glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
                        PsychBlitTextureToDisplay(windowRecord, windowRecord, windowRecord->rect, windowRecord->rect, 0, 0, 1);
                    }
                }

                if (blending_on) glEnable(GL_BLEND);
            }
            else {
                // Clearing (both)  back buffer requested:
                if (stereo_mode==kPsychOpenGLStereo) {
                    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK_LEFT);
                    PsychGLClear(windowRecord);
                    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK_RIGHT);
                    PsychGLClear(windowRecord);
                }
                else {
                    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
                    PsychGLClear(windowRecord);
                }
            }
        }

        // Restore modelview matrix:
        glPopMatrix();
    } // End of traditional postflip implementation for non-imaging mode:

    // Imaging pipeline enabled?
    if (windowRecord->imagingMode > 0 && windowRecord->imagingMode != kPsychNeedFastOffscreenWindows) {
        // Yes. This is rather simple. In dontclear=2 mode we do nothing, except reenable
        // the windowRecord as drawing target again. In dontclear=1 mode ditto, because
        // our backing store FBO's already retained a backup of the preflip-framebuffer.
        // Only in dontclear = 0 mode, we need to clear the backing FBO's:
        if (clearmode==0) {
            // Select proper viewport and cliprectangles for clearing:
            PsychSetupView(windowRecord, FALSE);

            // Bind left view (or mono view) buffer:
            glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[0]]->fboid);
            // and clear it:
            PsychGLClear(windowRecord);

            if (windowRecord->stereomode > 0) {
                // Bind right view buffer for stereo mode:
                glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[1]]->fboid);
                // and clear it:
                PsychGLClear(windowRecord);
            }
        }

        // Select proper rendertarget for further drawing ops - restore preflip state:
        PsychSetDrawingTarget(windowRecord);
    }

    // Peform extensive checking for OpenGL errors, unless instructed not to do so:
    if (!(PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychAvoidCPUGPUSync)) {
        glerr = glGetError();
        if (glerr != GL_NO_ERROR) {
            if (glerr == GL_OUT_OF_MEMORY) {
                // Special case: Out of memory after Flip + Postflip operations.
                printf("PTB-Error: The OpenGL graphics hardware encountered an out of memory condition!\n");
                printf("PTB-Error: One cause of this could be that you are running your display at a too\n");
                printf("PTB-Error: high resolution and/or use Anti-Aliasing with a multiSample value that\n");
                printf("PTB-Error: your gfx-card can't handle at the current display resolution. If this is\n");
                printf("PTB-Error: the case, you may have to reduce multiSample level or display resolution.\n");
                printf("PTB-Error: It may help to quit and restart Matlab or Octave before continuing.\n");
            }
            else {
                printf("PTB-Error: The OpenGL graphics hardware encountered the following OpenGL error after flip: %s.\n", gluErrorString(glerr));
            }
        }

        PsychTestForGLErrors();
    }

    // Fixup possible low-level framebuffer layout changes caused by commands above this point. Needed from native 10bpc FB support to work reliably.
    PsychFixupNative10BitFramebufferEnableAfterEndOfSceneMarker(windowRecord);

    // Done.
    return;
}

PsychWindowRecordType* PsychGetDrawingTarget(void)
{
    return(currentRendertarget);
}

/* Hard-Reset the current rendertarget. Only call this from the ScreenCloseAllWindows() function! */
void PsychColdResetDrawingTarget(void)
{
    currentRendertarget = NULL;
}

/* PsychSetDrawingTarget - Set the target window for following drawing ops.
 *
 * Set up 'windowRecord' as the target window for all drawing operations.
 *
 * This routine is usually called from the Screen drawing- and userspace OpenGL <-> Screen
 * state transition routines to setup a specific PTB window as drawing target.
 *
 * It is also called by Screen's internal special image processing routines (e.g,
 * 'TransformTexture' and preparation routines for OpenGL double-buffer swaps to
 * *disable* a window as drawing target, so the low-level internal code is free
 * to do whatever it wants with the system framebuffer or OpenGL FBO's without
 * the danger of interfering/damaging the integrity of onscreen windows and offscreen
 * windows/textures.
 *
 * Basic usage is one of three ways:
 *
 * * PsychSetDrawingTarget(windowRecord) to prepare drawing into the framebuffer of
 *   windowRecord, including all behind-the-scenes management, activating the associated
 *   OpenGL context for that window and setting up viewport, scissor and projection/modelview
 *   matrices etc.
 *
 * * PsychSetDrawingTarget((PsychWindowRecordType*) 0x1) to safely reset the drawing target to "None". This will
 *   perform all relevant tear-down actions (switching off FBOs, performing backbuffer backups etc.)
 *   for the previously active drawing target, then setting the current drawing target to NULL.
 *   This command is to be used by PTB internal routines if they need to be able to do
 *   whatever they want with the system backbuffer or FBO's via low-level OpenGL calls,
 *   without needing to worry about possible side-effects or image corruption in any
 *   user defined onscreen/offscreen windows or textures. This is used in routines like
 *   'Flip', 'OpenWindow', 'OpenOffscreenWindow', 'TransformTexture' etc.
 *   After this call, the current OpenGL context binding will be undefined! Or to be more
 *   accurate: If no window was active then maybe no context will be bound -- Any OpenGL
 *   command would cause a crash! If a window was active then that windows context will
 *   be bound -- probably not what you want, unless you carefully verified it  *is* what
 *   you want! ==> Check your assumption wrt. bound context or use PsychSetGLContext()
 *   to explicitely set the context you need!
 *
 * * PsychSetDrawingTarget(NULL) is a hard-reset, like the (0x1) case, but without
 *   performing sensible tear-down actions. Wrong usage will leave Screen in an undefined
 *   state! All current uses of this call have been carefully audited for correctness,
 *   usually you don't need this!
 *
 * The implementation contains two pathways of execution: One for use of imaging pipeline,
 * i.e., with FBO backed framebuffers -- this is the preferred way on modern hardware,
 * as it is more flexible, robust, simpler and faster. For old hardware and non-imaging
 * mode there is a slow path that tries to emulate FBO's with old OpenGL 1.1 mechanisms
 * like glCopyTexImage() et al. This one is relatively limited and inflexible, slow
 * and convoluted!
 *
 * FastPath:
 *
 * If windowRecord corresponds to an onscreen window, the standard framebuffer is
 * selected as drawing target when imagingMode == Use fast offscreen windows, otherwise
 * (full imaging pipe) the FBO of the windows virtual framebuffer is bound.
 * If 'windowRecord' corresponds to a Psychtoolbox texture (or Offscreen Window), we
 * bind the texture as OpenGL framebuffer object, so we have render-to-texture functionality.
 *
 * This requires support for EXT_Framebuffer_object extension, ie., OpenGL 1.5 or higher.
 * On OS/X it requires Tiger 10.4.3 or later.
 *
 * SlowPath:
 *
 * Textures and offscreen windows are implemented via standard OpenGL textures, but as
 * OpenGL FBO's are not available (or disabled), we use the backbuffer as both, backbuffer
 * of an onscreen window, and as a framebuffer for offscreen windows/textures when drawing
 * to them. The routine performs switching between windows (onscreen or offscreen) by
 * saving the backbuffer of the previously active rendertarget into an OpenGL texture via
 * glCopyTexImage() et al., then initializing the backbuffer with the content of the texture
 * of the new drawingtarget by blitting the texture into the framebuffer. Lots of care
 * has to be taken to always backup/restore from/to the proper backbuffer ie. the proper
 * OpenGL context (if multiple are used), to handle the case of transposed or inverted
 * textures (e.g, movie engine, videocapture engine, Screen('MakeTexture')), and
 * to handle the case of TEXTURE_2D textures on old hardware that doesn't support rectangle
 * textures! This is all pretty complex and convoluted.
 *
 *
 * This routine only performs state-transitions if necessary, in order to save expensive
 * state switches. It tries to be lazy and avoid work!
 *
 * A special case is calls of this routine from background worker threads not equal
 * to the Matlab/Octave/PTB main execution thread. These threads are part of the async
 * flip implementation on OS/X and Linux. They call code that sometimes calls into this
 * routine. The system is designed to behave properly if this routine just return()'s without
 * doing anything when called from such a workerthread. That's why we check and early-exit
 * in case of non-master thread invocation.
 *
 */
void PsychSetDrawingTarget(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    static unsigned int    recursionLevel = 0;
    PsychWindowRecordType *parentRecord;
    psych_bool EmulateOldPTB = PsychPrefStateGet_EmulateOldPTB();
    psych_bool oldStyle = (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychUseOldStyleAsyncFlips) ? TRUE : FALSE;

    // Are we called from the main interpreter thread? If not, then we return
    // immediately (No-Op). Worker threads for async flip don't expect this
    // subroutine to execute:
    if (!PsychIsMasterThread()) return;

    // Called from main thread --> Work to do.

    // Increase recursion level count:
    recursionLevel++;

    // Is this a recursive call?
    if (recursionLevel>1) {
        // Yep. Then we just do nothing:
        recursionLevel--;
        return;
    }

    if ((currentRendertarget == NULL) && (windowRecord == (PsychWindowRecordType *) 0x1)) {
        // Fast exit: No rendertarget set and save reset to "none" requested.
        // Nothing special to do, just revert to NULL case:
        windowRecord = NULL;
    }

    // Make sure currentRendertargets context is active if currentRendertarget is non-NULL:
    if (currentRendertarget) {
        PsychSetGLContext(currentRendertarget);
    }

    // windowRecord or NULL provided? NULL would mean a warm-start. A value of 0x1 means
    // to backup the current state of bound 'currentRendertarget', then reset to a NULL
    // target, ie. no target. This is like warmstart, but binding any rendertarget later
    // will do the right thing, instead of "forgetting" state info about currentRendertarget.
    if (windowRecord) {
        // State transition requested?
        if (currentRendertarget != windowRecord) {
            // Need to do a switch between drawing target windows:

            // Soft reset required?
            if (windowRecord == (PsychWindowRecordType *) 0x1) {
                // Special case: No new rendertarget, just request to backup the old
                // one and leave it in a tidy, consistent state, then reset to NULL
                // binding. We achieve this by turning windowRecord into a NULL request and
                // unbinding any possibly bound FBO's:
                windowRecord = NULL;

                // Bind system framebuffer if FBO's supported on this system:
                if (glBindFramebufferEXT) glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);
            }

            // Safeguard us against being called with windowRecord unsuitable as drawing target, e.g., kPsychProxyWindow type:
            if (windowRecord && !(PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord) || PsychIsOffscreenWindow(windowRecord))) {
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1)
                    printf("PTB-WARNING: PsychSetDrawingTarget() called with non-drawingtarget windowRecord[%i:%p], type %i! No-Op.\n",
                           windowRecord->windowIndex, windowRecord, windowRecord->windowType);

                recursionLevel--;
                return;
            }

            // Special safe-guards for setting a new drawingtarget during active async flip operations needed?
            if (windowRecord && (asyncFlipOpsActive > 0)) {
                // Yes. At least one async flip in progress and want to bind windowRecord.
                //
                // Assumption: We don't need to worry about the currentRendertarget, because
                // either currentRendertarget is NULL, ie. there isn't any, or if it is non-NULL,
                // that means PsychSetDrawingTarget() was executed successfully on currentRendertarget
                // before this invocation. We always start with currentRenderTarget == NULL and no
                // OpenGL context bound to the masterthread immediately after scheduling an async-flip,
                // (see AsyncFlipBegin-implementation in PsychFlipWindowBuffersIndirect()). The fact
                // that we managed to transition from NULL-target / NULL-context to a real
                // currentRenderTarget while an async flip was pending, means that currentRenderTarget
                // is FBO-backed with sufficiently enabled imaging pipeline.
                //
                // We just need to find out if it is safe to bind windowRecord during async-flip:
                // Find the parent window of this windowRecord, ie.,
                // the onscreen window which "owns" the relevant OpenGL context and system framebuffer.
                // This can be the windowRecord itself if it is an onscreen window:
                parentRecord = PsychGetParentWindow(windowRecord);

                // No problem if there aren't any pending async-flips on the parentRecord onscreen window:
                if ((parentRecord->flipInfo) && (parentRecord->flipInfo->asyncstate == 1)) {
                    // Async flip pending on relevant target OpenGL context / framebuffer combo.

                    // If this is the oldStyle async-flip implementation it is game-over, as we
                    // can't use the master OpenGL context, it is owned exclusively by the flipperThread:
                    if (oldStyle) {
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Tried to draw into a window or texture while associated parent window has an async-flip pending\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: and the legacy async-flip implementation is active! Disable the legacy implementation by clearing the\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: kPsychUseOldStyleAsyncFlips flag in your settings to make this work. See 'help ConserveVRAMSettings'.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Operation aborted, expect corrupted visual stimuli until you fix this.\n\n");

                        recursionLevel--;
                        return;
                    }

                    // New style async-flip implementation. We can use the master OpenGL context anytime,
                    // for rendering into whatever, as the flipper thread has its own dedicated context.
                    // We are not allowed to touch the system framebuffer of our parentRecord onscreen window,
                    // so windowRecord must be a FBO backed offscreen surface with imaging pipeline sufficiently
                    // enabled and configured.

                    // Onscreen windows need full pipeline enabled for FBO based drawBufferFBO's:
                    if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord) && !(windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychNeedFastBackingStore)) {
                        // Nope. Game over:
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Tried to draw into an onscreen window while it has an async-flip pending.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: This is only allowed if you enable the Psychtoolbox imaging pipeline (see 'help PsychImaging').\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: The pipeline is currently not fully enabled by your script, so drawing won't work.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Operation aborted, expect corrupted visual stimuli until you fix this.\n\n");

                        recursionLevel--;

                        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user, "Tried to draw into onscreen window with async flip pending and imaging pipeline off. Forbidden!");
                        return;
                    }

                    if (!PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord) &&
                        !(windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychNeedFastBackingStore) &&
                        !(windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychNeedFastOffscreenWindows)) {
                        // Nope. Game over:
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: Tried to draw into an offscreen window or texture while parent window has an async-flip pending.\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: This is only allowed if you enable the full Psychtoolbox imaging pipeline (see 'help PsychImaging'),\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: or at least support for fast offscreen windows. As neither of these is enabled at the moment,\n");
                        printf("PTB-ERROR: drawing won't work. Operation aborted, expect corrupted visual stimuli until you fix this.\n\n");

                        recursionLevel--;
                        PsychErrorExitMsg(PsychError_user, "Tried to draw into offscreen window or texture with async flip pending and imaging pipeline off. Forbidden!");
                        return;
                    }
                }
            } // End of asyncflip safeguards. Everything ready to go if we get here.

            // Check if the imaging pipeline is enabled for this window. If so, we will use
            // the fast FBO based rendertarget implementation - unless windowRecord is a NULL target,
            // in which case we're done already:
            if (windowRecord && ((windowRecord->imagingMode & kPsychNeedFastBackingStore) || (windowRecord->imagingMode == kPsychNeedFastOffscreenWindows))) {
                // Imaging pipeline (at least partially) active for this window. Use OpenGL framebuffer objects: This is the fast-path!

                // Switch to new context if needed: This will unbind any pending FBO's in old context, if any:
                PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);

                // Transition to offscreen rendertarget?
                if (windowRecord->windowType == kPsychTexture) {
                    // Yes. Need to bind the texture as framebuffer object.

                    // It also only works on RGB or RGBA textures, not Luminance or LA textures, and the texture needs to be upright.
                    // PsychNormalizeTextureOrientation takes care of swapping it upright and converting it into a RGB or RGBA format,
                    // if needed. Only if it were an upright non-RGB(A) texture, it would slip through this and trigger an error abort
                    // in the following PsychCreateShadowFBO... call. This however can't happen with textures created by 'OpenOffscreenWindow',
                    // textures from the movie engine, the videocapture engine or other internal sources. Textures created via
                    // MakeTexture will be auto-converted as well, unless some special flags to MakeTexture are given.
                    // --> The user code needs to do something very unusual and special to trigger an error abort here, and if it triggers
                    // one, it will abort with a helpful error message, telling how to fix the problem very simply.
                    PsychSetShader(windowRecord, 0);
                    PsychNormalizeTextureOrientation(windowRecord);

                    // Do we already have a framebuffer object for this texture? All textures start off without one,
                    // because most textures are just used for drawing them, not drawing *into* them. Therefore we
                    // only create a full blown FBO on demand here.
                    PsychCreateShadowFBOForTexture(windowRecord, TRUE, -1);

                    // Set "dirty" flag on texture: (Ab)used to trigger regeneration of mip-maps during texture drawing of mip-mapped textures.
                    windowRecord->needsViewportSetup = TRUE;

                    // Switch to FBO for given texture or offscreen window:
                    glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, windowRecord->fboTable[0]->fboid);

                } // Special setup for offscreen windows or textures finished.
                else {
                    // Bind onscreen window as drawing target:
                    if (windowRecord->imagingMode == kPsychNeedFastOffscreenWindows) {
                        // Only fast offscreen windows active: Onscreen window is the system framebuffer.
                        // Revert to it:
                        glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);
                    }
                    else {
                        // Full pipeline active:

                        // Pending async flip on the target onscreen window? Drawing to such a windows
                        // drawbuffer FBO while async flip is pending is only safe if the flip executes
                        // with a dontclear == 2 flag, ie., without executing PsychPostFlipOperations()
                        // at end of swap. Other dontclear modes would involve a race between the masterthread
                        // rendering a stimulus to the drawBufferFBO and the async flipper thread clearing
                        // the drawBufferFBO, with rather hilarious results, depending on who wins the race.
                        // We check if we have an async flip + dontclear != 2 and warn the user about possible
                        // trouble in such a config:
                        if ((windowRecord->flipInfo->dont_clear != 2) && (windowRecord->flipInfo->asyncstate > 0) &&
                            (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1)) {
                            printf("PTB-WARNING: You are drawing to an onscreen window while an async flip is pending on it and the\n");
                            printf("PTB-WARNING: async flip is executed with the 'dontclear' flag set to something else than 2.\n");
                            printf("PTB-WARNING: This will likely lead to undefined stimuli - visual corruption. Please set the\n");
                            printf("PTB-WARNING: 'dontclear' flag in Screen('AsyncFlipBegin', ...) to 2 to avoid this problem.\n");
                        }

                        // We either bind the drawBufferFBO for the left channel or right channel, depending
                        // on stereo mode and selected stereo buffer:
                        if ((windowRecord->stereomode > 0) && (windowRecord->stereodrawbuffer == 1)) {
                            // We are in stereo mode and want to draw into the right-eye channel. Bind FBO-1
                            glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[1]]->fboid);
                        }
                        else {
                            // We are either in stereo mode and want to draw into left-eye channel or we are
                            // in mono mode. Bind FBO-0:
                            glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, windowRecord->fboTable[windowRecord->drawBufferFBO[0]]->fboid);
                        }
                    }
                }
            } // End of fast-path: FBO based processing...
            else {
                // Use standard OpenGL without framebuffer objects for drawing target switch:
                // This code path is executed when the imaging pipeline is disabled. It only uses
                // OpenGL 1.1 functionality so it should work on any piece of gfx-hardware:

                // Whatever is bound at the moment needs to be backed-up into a texture...
                // If currentRendertarget is NULL then we've got nothing to back up.
                // If currentRendertarget is using the imaging pipeline in any way, then there's also no
                // need for any backups, as all textures/offscreen windows are backed by FBO's and the
                // system framebuffer is just used as backingstore for onscreen windows, ie., no need
                // to ever backup system framebuffer into any kind of texture based storage.
                // Therefore skip this if any imaging mode is active (i.e., imagingMode is non-zero):
                if (currentRendertarget && (currentRendertarget->imagingMode == 0)) {
                    // There is a bound render target in non-imaging mode: Any backups of its current backbuffer to some
                    // texture backing store needed?
                    if (currentRendertarget->windowType == kPsychTexture || (windowRecord && (windowRecord->windowType == kPsychTexture))) {
                        // Ok we transition from- or to a texture. We need to backup the old content:
                        if (EmulateOldPTB) {
                            // OS-9 emulation: frontbuffer = framebuffer, backbuffer = offscreen scratchpad
                            if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(currentRendertarget)) {
                                // Need to read the content of the frontbuffer to create the backup copy:
                                glReadBuffer(GL_FRONT);
                                glDrawBuffer(GL_FRONT);
                            }
                            else {
                                // Need to read the content of the backbuffer (scratch buffer for offscreen windows) to create the backup copy:
                                glReadBuffer(GL_BACK);
                                glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
                            }
                        }

                        // In emulation mode for old PTB, we only need to back up offscreen windows, as they
                        // share the backbuffer as scratchpad. Each onscreen window has its own frontbuffer, so
                        // it will be unaffected by the switch --> No need to backup & restore.
                        if (!EmulateOldPTB || (EmulateOldPTB && !PsychIsOnscreenWindow(currentRendertarget))) {
                            // Call helper routine defined below:
                            PsychBackupFramebufferToBackingTexture(currentRendertarget);
                        } // Backbuffer -> Texture backup code.
                    } // Transition from- or to a texture.
                } // currentRenderTarget non-NULL.

                // At this point we're done with the context and stuff of the old currentRendertarget.
                // Everything backed up.

                // A real new rendertarget requested?
                if (windowRecord) {
                    // Yes. Activate its OpenGL context:
                    PsychSetGLContext(windowRecord);

                    // We only blit when a texture was involved, either as previous rendertarget or as new rendertarget:
                    if (windowRecord->windowType == kPsychTexture || (currentRendertarget && currentRendertarget->windowType == kPsychTexture)) {
                        // OS-9 emulation: frontbuffer = framebuffer, backbuffer = offscreen scratchpad
                        if (EmulateOldPTB) {
                            // OS-9 emulation: frontbuffer = framebuffer, backbuffer = offscreen scratchpad
                            if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord)) {
                                // Need to write the content to the frontbuffer to restore from the backup copy:
                                glReadBuffer(GL_FRONT);
                                glDrawBuffer(GL_FRONT);
                            }
                            else {
                                // Need to write the content to the backbuffer (scratch buffer for offscreen windows) to restore from the backup copy:
                                glReadBuffer(GL_BACK);
                                glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
                            }
                        }

                        // In emulation mode for old PTB, we only need to restore offscreen windows, as they
                        // share the backbuffer as scratchpad. Each onscreen window has its own frontbuffer, so
                        // it will be unaffected by the switch --> No need to backup & restore.
                        if (!EmulateOldPTB || (EmulateOldPTB && !PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecord))) {
                            // Setup viewport and projections to fit new dimensions of new rendertarget:
                            PsychSetupView(windowRecord, TRUE);
                            glPushMatrix();
                            glLoadIdentity();

                            // Disable any shaders:
                            PsychSetShader(windowRecord, 0);

                            // Now we need to blit the new rendertargets texture into the framebuffer. We need to make
                            // sure that alpha-blending is disabled during this blit operation:
                            if (glIsEnabled(GL_BLEND)) {
                                // Alpha blending enabled. Disable it, blit texture, reenable it:
                                glDisable(GL_BLEND);
                                PsychBlitTextureToDisplay(windowRecord, windowRecord, windowRecord->rect, windowRecord->rect, 0, 0, 1);
                                glEnable(GL_BLEND);
                            }
                            else {
                                // Alpha blending not enabled. Just blit it:
                                PsychBlitTextureToDisplay(windowRecord, windowRecord, windowRecord->rect, windowRecord->rect, 0, 0, 1);
                            }

                            glPopMatrix();

                            // Ok, the framebuffer has been initialized with the content of our texture.
                        }
                    }    // End of from- to- texture/offscreen window transition...
                }    // End of setup of a real new rendertarget windowRecord...

                // At this point we should have the image of our drawing target in the framebuffer.
                // If this transition didn't involve a switch from- or to a texture aka offscreen window,
                // then the whole switching up to now was a no-op... This way, we optimize for the common
                // case: No drawing to Offscreen windows at all, but proper use of other drawing functions
                // or of MakeTexture.
            } // End of switching code for imaging vs. non-imaging.

            // Common code after fast- or slow-path switching:

            // Setup viewport, clip rectangle and projections to fit new dimensions of new drawingtarget:
            if (windowRecord) PsychSetupView(windowRecord, FALSE);

            // Update our bookkeeping, set windowRecord as current rendertarget:
            currentRendertarget = windowRecord;

            // Transition finished.
        } // End of transition code.
    } // End of if(windowRecord) - then branch...
    else {
        // windowRecord==NULL. Reset of currentRendertarget and framebufferobject requested:

        // Bind system framebuffer if FBO's supported on this system:
        if (glBindFramebufferEXT && currentRendertarget) glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);

        // Reset current rendertarget to 'none':
        currentRendertarget = NULL;
    }

    // Decrease recursion level tracker:
    recursionLevel--;

    return;
}

/* PsychSetupView()  -- Setup proper viewport, clip rectangle and projection
 * matrix for specified window.
 *
 * Usually call with useRawFramebufferSize = FALSE, so the clientrect of the
 * windows/textures effective user-visible drawing area is used.
 *
 * useRawFramebufferSize = TRUE: Use full backbuffer area of window, e.g., for
 * setup inside imaging pipeline or for other non-user controlled rendering.
 *
 */
void PsychSetupView(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord, psych_bool useRawFramebufferSize)
{
    PsychRectType rect;
    PsychCopyRect(rect, (useRawFramebufferSize) ? windowRecord->rect : windowRecord->clientrect);

    // Set viewport and scissor rectangle to windowsize:
    glViewport(0, 0, (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(rect), (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(rect));
    glScissor(0, 0, (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(rect), (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(rect));

    // Setup projection matrix for a proper orthonormal projection for this framebuffer or window:
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    if ((windowRecord->proj == NULL) || useRawFramebufferSize) {
        // Default case: No override projection matrix assigned, or use of it not wanted.
        // Setup standard ortho transform:
        glLoadIdentity();
        if (!PsychIsGLES(windowRecord)) {
            gluOrtho2D(rect[kPsychLeft], rect[kPsychRight], rect[kPsychBottom], rect[kPsychTop]);
        }
        else {
            glOrthofOES((float) rect[kPsychLeft], (float) rect[kPsychRight], (float) rect[kPsychBottom], (float) rect[kPsychTop], (float) -1, (float) 1);
        }
    }
    else {
        // Override projection matrix/matrices assigned. Select proper one for given
        // mono/stereo view:
        if (windowRecord->stereomode > 0 && windowRecord->stereodrawbuffer == 1)
            glLoadMatrixd(&(windowRecord->proj[16]));
        else
            glLoadMatrixd(&(windowRecord->proj[0]));
    }

    // Switch back to modelview matrix, but leave it unaltered:
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    return;
}

/* PsychSetupClientRect() -- Compute windows clientrect from raw backbuffer size rect. */
void PsychSetupClientRect(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    // Do nothing if panel fitter is active or the clientrect has been set to a fixed
    // size at openwindow time for the lifetime of this window:
    if (windowRecord->imagingMode & (kPsychNeedGPUPanelFitter | kPsychNeedClientRectNoFitter)) return;

    // Define windows clientrect. It is a copy of windows rect, but stretched or compressed
    // to twice or half the width or height of the windows rect, depending on the special size
    // flags. clientrect is used as reference for all size query functions Screen('Rect'), Screen('WindowSize')
    // and for all Screen 2D drawing functions:
    PsychMakeRect(windowRecord->clientrect,
                  windowRecord->rect[kPsychLeft], windowRecord->rect[kPsychTop],
                  windowRecord->rect[kPsychLeft] + PsychGetWidthFromRect(windowRecord->rect) * ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychTwiceWidthWindow) ? 2 : 1) *
                  ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychTripleWidthWindow) ? 3 : 1) / ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychHalfWidthWindow) ? 2 : 1),
                  windowRecord->rect[kPsychTop] + PsychGetHeightFromRect(windowRecord->rect) / ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychHalfHeightWindow) ? 2 : 1));
    return;
}

/* PsychBackupFramebufferToBackingTexture(PsychWindowRecordType *backupRendertarget)
 * Copy current content of current backbuffer into a texture of matching size and RGBA8
 * format.
 *
 * This is used by PsychSetDrawingTarget() for target window switches when no imaging pipeline
 * aka OpenGL framebuffer objects are available. Mostly for offscreen <-> onscreen window switching
 * and offscreen <-> offscreen window switching.
 *
 * It is also used by PsychPreFlipOperations() in non-imaging mode when clearmode 1 requires a
 * backbuffer backup/restore but the system doesn't support AUX buffers which are the preferred
 * solution in such a case.
 *
 */
void PsychBackupFramebufferToBackingTexture(PsychWindowRecordType *backupRendertarget)
{
    int twidth, theight;

    // Already a shadow-texture available as backing store?
    if (backupRendertarget->textureNumber == 0) {
        // This one is an onscreen window that doesn't have a shadow-texture yet. Create a suitable one.
        glGenTextures(1, &(backupRendertarget->textureNumber));
        glBindTexture(PsychGetTextureTarget(backupRendertarget), backupRendertarget->textureNumber);

        // If this system only supports power-of-2 textures, then we'll need a little trick:
        if (PsychGetTextureTarget(backupRendertarget)==GL_TEXTURE_2D) {
            // Ok, we need to create an empty texture of suitable power-of-two size:
            // Now we can do subimage texturing...
            if (!(backupRendertarget->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapNPOTTex)) {
                twidth=1; while(twidth < (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect)) { twidth = twidth * 2; };
                theight=1; while(theight < (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect)) { theight = theight * 2; };
            } else {
                // GPU has NPOT support, take it "as is":
                twidth  = (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect);
                theight = (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect);
            }

            if (PsychIsGLES(backupRendertarget)) {
                // OES extension for faster format supported?
                if (strstr((const char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_EXT_texture_format_BGRA8888")) {
                    // Faster path:
                    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_BGRA_EXT, twidth, theight, 0, GL_BGRA_EXT, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
                }
                else {
                    // Slower fallback:
                    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, twidth, theight, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
                }
            }
            else {
                glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, twidth, theight, 0, GL_BGRA, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_REV, NULL);
            }
            glCopyTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect), (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect));
        }
        else {
            // Supports rectangle textures. Just create texture as copy of framebuffer:
            glCopyTexImage2D(PsychGetTextureTarget(backupRendertarget), 0, GL_RGBA8, 0, 0, (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect), (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect), 0);
        }
    }
    else {
        // Texture for this one already exists: Bind and update it:
        twidth  = (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect);
        theight = (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect);

        // If this is a texture in non-normal orientation, we need to swap width and height, and reset orientation
        // to upright:
        if (!PsychIsOnscreenWindow(backupRendertarget)) {
            // Texture. Handle size correctly:
            if ((backupRendertarget->textureOrientation <= 1) && (PsychGetTextureTarget(backupRendertarget)==GL_TEXTURE_2D)) {
                // Transposed power of two texture. Need to realloc texture...
                if (!(backupRendertarget->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapNPOTTex)) {
                    // No non-power-of-two support: Need to find closest matching POT texture size:
                    twidth=1; while(twidth < (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect)) { twidth = twidth * 2; };
                    theight=1; while(theight < (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect)) { theight = theight * 2; };
                }

                if (PsychIsGLES(backupRendertarget)) {
                    // OES extension for faster format supported?
                    if (strstr((const char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_EXT_texture_format_BGRA8888")) {
                        // Faster path:
                        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_BGRA_EXT, twidth, theight, 0, GL_BGRA_EXT, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
                    }
                    else {
                        // Slower fallback:
                        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, twidth, theight, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, twidth, theight, 0, GL_BGRA, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_REV, NULL);
                }

                // Reassign real size:
                twidth  = (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect);
                theight = (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect);

                backupRendertarget->surfaceSizeBytes = 4 * twidth * theight;
            }

            // After this backup-op, the texture orientation will be a nice upright one:
            backupRendertarget->textureOrientation = 2;
        }

        glBindTexture(PsychGetTextureTarget(backupRendertarget), backupRendertarget->textureNumber);
        if (PsychGetTextureTarget(backupRendertarget)==GL_TEXTURE_2D) {
            // Special case for power-of-two textures:
            glCopyTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, twidth, theight);
        }
        else {
            // This would be appropriate but crashes for no good reason on OS-X 10.4.4: glCopyTexSubImage2D(PsychGetTextureTarget(backupRendertarget), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, (int) PsychGetWidthFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect), (int) PsychGetHeightFromRect(backupRendertarget->rect));
            glCopyTexImage2D(PsychGetTextureTarget(backupRendertarget), 0, GL_RGBA8, 0, 0, twidth, theight, 0);
            backupRendertarget->surfaceSizeBytes = 4 * twidth * theight;
        }
    }

    return;
}

/* Set Screen - global flag which tells PTB if userspace rendering is active or not. */
void PsychSetUserspaceGLFlag(psych_bool inuserspace)
{
    inGLUserspace = inuserspace;
}

/* Get Screen - global flag which tells if we are in userspace rendering mode: */
psych_bool PsychIsUserspaceRendering(void)
{
    return(inGLUserspace);
}

int PsychRessourceCheckAndReminder(psych_bool displayMessage) {
    int i,j = 0;

    // Check for open movies:
    j = PsychGetMovieCount();
    if (j > 0) {
        if (displayMessage && PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>2) {
            printf("\n\nPTB-INFO: There are still %i movies open. Screen('CloseAll') will auto-close them.\n", j);
            printf("PTB-INFO: This may be fine for studies where you only use a single movie, but a large number of open\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: movies can be an indication that you forgot to dispose no longer needed movie objects\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: via a proper call to Screen('CloseMovie', moviePtr); , e.g., at the end of each trial. These\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: stale movies linger around and can consume significant memory and cpu ressources, causing\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: degraded performance, timing trouble and ultimately out of memory or out of ressource\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: conditions or even crashes of Matlab/Octave (in rare cases). Please check your code.\n\n");
        }
    }

    // Check for open textures and proxies at close time. Might be indicative of missing
    // close calls for releasing texture -- ie. leaked memory:
    i = PsychCountOpenWindows(kPsychTexture) + PsychCountOpenWindows(kPsychProxyWindow);

    // Textures open. Give a friendly reminder if either at least 10 textures are remaining or
    // the user asked for verbosity level > 3, ie. very exhaustive info, and at least one texture is remaining.
    if (displayMessage && ((PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>2 && i> 10) || (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 3 && i > 0))) {
        printf("\n\nPTB-INFO: There are still %i textures, offscreen windows or proxy windows open. Screen('CloseAll') will auto-close them.\n", i);
        printf("PTB-INFO: This may be fine for studies where you only use a few textures or windows, but a large number of open\n");
        printf("PTB-INFO: textures or offscreen windows can be an indication that you forgot to dispose no longer needed items\n");
        printf("PTB-INFO: via a proper call to Screen('Close', [windowOrTextureIndex]); , e.g., at the end of each trial. These\n");
        printf("PTB-INFO: stale objects linger around and can consume significant memory ressources, causing degraded performance,\n");
        printf("PTB-INFO: timing trouble (if the system has to resort to disk paging) and ultimately out of memory conditions or\n");
        printf("PTB-INFO: crashes. Please check your code. (Screen('Close') is a quick way to release all textures and offscreen windows)\n\n");
    }

    // Return total sum of open ressource hogs ;-)
    return(i + j);
}

/* PsychGetCurrentShader() - Returns currently bound GLSL
 * program object, if any. Returns 0 if fixed-function pipeline
 * is active.
 *
 * This needs to distinguish between OpenGL 2.0 and earlier.
 */
int PsychGetCurrentShader(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord) {
    int curShader;

    (void) windowRecord;

    if (GLEW_VERSION_2_0) {
        glGetIntegerv(GL_CURRENT_PROGRAM, &curShader);
    }
    else {
        curShader = (int) glGetHandleARB(GL_PROGRAM_OBJECT_ARB);
    }

    return(curShader);
}

/* PsychSetShader() -- Lazily choose a GLSL shader to use for further operations.
 *
 * The routine shall bind the shader 'shader' for the OpenGL context of window
 * 'windowRecord'. It assumes that the OpenGL context for that windowRecord is
 * already bound.
 *
 * This is a wrapper around glUseProgram(). It does nothing if GLSL isn't supported,
 * ie. if gluseProgram() is not available. Otherwise it checks the currently bound
 * shader and only rebinds the new shader if it isn't already bound - avoiding redundant
 * calls to glUseProgram() as such calls might be expensive on some systems.
 *
 * A 'shader' value of zero disables shading and enables fixed-function pipe, as usual.
 * A positive value sets the shader with that handle. Negative values have special
 * meaning in that the select special purpose shaders stored in the 'windowRecord'.
 *
 * Currently the value -1 is defined to choose the windowRecord->defaultDrawShader.
 * That shader can be anything special, zero for fixed function pipe, or e.g., a shader
 * to disable color clamping.
 */
int PsychSetShader(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord, int shader)
{
    int oldShader;

    // Have GLSL support?
    if (glUseProgram) {
        // Choose this windowRecords assigned default draw shader if shader == -1:
        if (shader == -1) shader = (int) windowRecord->defaultDrawShader;
        if (shader <  -1) { printf("PTB-BUG: Invalid shader id %i requested in PsychSetShader()! Switching to fixed function.\n", shader); shader = 0; }

        // Query currently bound shader:
        oldShader = PsychGetCurrentShader(windowRecord);

        // Switch required? Switch if so:
        if (shader != oldShader) glUseProgram((GLuint) shader);
    }
    else {
        shader = 0;
    }

    // Return new bound shader (or zero in case of fixed function only):
    return(shader);
}

/* PsychDetectAndAssignGfxCapabilities()
 *
 * This routine must be called with the OpenGL context of the given 'windowRecord' active,
 * usually once during onscreen window creation.
 *
 * It uses different methods, heuristics, white- and blacklists to determine which capabilities
 * are supported by a given gfx-renderer, or which restrictions apply. It then sets up the
 * gfxcaps bitfield of the windowRecord with proper status bits accordingly.
 *
 * The resulting statusbits can be used by different PTB routines to decide if some feature
 * can be used or if any specific work-arounds need to be enabled for a specific renderer.
 * Most stuff is related to floating point rendering/blending/filtering etc. as recent hw
 * differs in that area.
 */
void PsychDetectAndAssignGfxCapabilities(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    int gpuMaintype, gpuMinortype, gpuModel;
    unsigned int rendergpuVendor = 0, rendergpuModel = 0;
    psych_bool verbose = (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 5) ? TRUE : FALSE;
    psych_bool nvidia = FALSE;
    psych_bool ati = FALSE;
    psych_bool intel = FALSE;
    psych_bool llvmpipe = FALSE;
    psych_bool vc4 = FALSE;
    GLint maxtexsize=0, maxcolattachments=0, maxaluinst=0;
    GLboolean nativeStereo = FALSE;
    int mesaversion[3];
    const char* mesaver = NULL;

    gpuMaintype = kPsychUnknown;
    gpuModel = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    gpuMinortype = 0;
    PsychGetGPUSpecs(windowRecord->screenNumber, &gpuMaintype, &gpuMinortype, &gpuModel, NULL);

    // Try to detect if we are running on top of Mesa OpenGL, and which version:
    mesaver = strstr((const char*) glGetString(GL_VERSION), "Mesa");
    if (mesaver && (3 == sscanf(mesaver, "Mesa %i.%i.%i", &mesaversion[0], &mesaversion[1], &mesaversion[2]))) {
        if (verbose)
            printf("PTB-DEBUG: Running on Mesa version %i.%i.%i\n", mesaversion[0], mesaversion[1], mesaversion[2]);
    }
    else {
        mesaversion[0] = mesaversion[1] = mesaversion[2] = 0;
        if (verbose)
            printf("PTB-DEBUG: Not running on Mesa graphics library.\n");
    }

    // Init Id string for GPU core to zero. This has at most 8 Bytes, including 0-terminator,
    // so use at most 7 letters!
    memset(&(windowRecord->gpuCoreId[0]), 0, 8);

    if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "ATI") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "AMD") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "AMD")) {
        ati = TRUE; sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "R100");
    }

    if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "NVIDIA") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "nouveau") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "nouveau")) {
        nvidia = TRUE; sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "NV10");
    }

    if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "INTEL") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "Intel") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "Intel")) {
        intel = TRUE; sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "Intel");
    }

    if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "VMware") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "llvmpipe")) {
        llvmpipe = TRUE; sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "gllvm");
    }

    // Detection code for Linux DRI driver stack with ATI GPU:
    if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "Advanced Micro Devices") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "ATI")) {
        ati = TRUE; sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "R100");
    }

    if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "Broadcom") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "VC4")) {
        vc4 = TRUE; sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "VC4");
    }

    // Is this a hybrid graphics dual-gpu laptop which uses DRI PRIME for muxless render offload?
    #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX
    if ((getenv("DRI_PRIME") && ((const char*) getenv("DRI_PRIME"))[0] != '0') ||
        (glxewIsSupported("GLX_MESA_query_renderer") && (glXQueryCurrentRendererIntegerMESA != NULL) &&
        glXQueryCurrentRendererIntegerMESA(GLX_RENDERER_VENDOR_ID_MESA, &rendergpuVendor) && (rendergpuVendor != 0xFFFFFFFF) && (gpuMaintype != kPsychUnknown) &&
        glXQueryCurrentRendererIntegerMESA(GLX_RENDERER_DEVICE_ID_MESA, &rendergpuModel) && (rendergpuModel != 0xFFFFFFFF) && (gpuModel != (int) 0xFFFFFFFF) &&
        (((int) rendergpuModel != gpuModel) || (gpuMaintype == kPsychIntelIGP && rendergpuVendor != PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL) ||
        (gpuMaintype == kPsychGeForce && rendergpuVendor != PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA) ||
        (gpuMaintype == kPsychRadeon && rendergpuVendor != PCI_VENDOR_ID_AMD && rendergpuVendor != PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI)))) {
        windowRecord->hybridGraphics = 1;
        if (verbose) printf("PTB-DEBUG: Prime indicators: rendergpuVendor %x, rendergpuModel %x, displaygpuModel %x displaygpuType %x.\n", rendergpuVendor, rendergpuModel, gpuModel, gpuMaintype);
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() >= 3) printf("PTB-INFO: Hybrid graphics setup with DRI PRIME muxless render offload detected.\n");

        // Prime renderoffload only works with proper timing and quality if DRI3/Present
        // is used for our onscreen window:
        if ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsX11Window) && !(windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsDRI3Window) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1)) {
            printf("PTB-WARNING: Hybrid graphics DRI PRIME muxless render offload requires the use of DRI3/Present for rendering,\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: but this is not enabled on your setup. Use XOrgConfCreator to setup your system accordingly.\n");
            printf("PTB-WARNING: Without this, your visual stimulation will suffer severe timing and display artifacts.\n\n");
        }
    }

    // Find out if the primary output of the screen on which this window is
    // displaying has a "PRIME Synchronization" output property. If so then
    // we are likely running under a NVidia Optimus PRIME setup with output slave
    // instead of a DRI3/Present renderoffload setup and need to take note
    // of this for some special case handling:
    if ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsX11Window) && (gpuMaintype == kPsychIntelIGP) && strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "NVIDIA")) {
        static Atom nvidiaprimesync;
        CGDirectDisplayID dpy;
        int screen;
        RROutput output = (RROutput) 0;

        // Get XID / RROutput id of primary output for this screen:
        PsychOSGetOutputProps(windowRecord->screenNumber, 0, NULL, NULL, (unsigned long *) &output);

        // Map screenNumber to dpy, screen, rootwindow and RandR output:
        PsychGetCGDisplayIDFromScreenNumber(&dpy, windowRecord->screenNumber);
        screen = PsychGetXScreenIdForScreen(windowRecord->screenNumber);

        PsychLockDisplay();

        nvidiaprimesync = XInternAtom(dpy, "PRIME Synchronization", True);
        if (nvidiaprimesync != None) {
            Window root = RootWindow(dpy, screen);
            XRRScreenResources *resources = XRRGetScreenResources(dpy, root);
            if (resources) {
                // Prime sync property exposed?
                unsigned long nitems;
                unsigned long bytes_after;
                unsigned char *prop;
                Atom actual_type;
                int actual_format;
                // Get Prime sync property for primary output:
                if ((XRRGetOutputProperty(dpy, output, nvidiaprimesync, 0, 4, False, False, None, &actual_type, &actual_format, &nitems, &bytes_after, &prop) == Success) && (prop != NULL)) {
                    char prime_sync_on = *((char *) prop);
                    XFree(prop);
                    windowRecord->hybridGraphics = 2;

                    // Are we running under the hacked/enhanced modesetting ddx as outputSink
                    // driver, which supports our custom UDP flip timestamping protocol?
                    if (XInternAtom(dpy, "PrimeTimingHack1", True) != None) {
                        windowRecord->hybridGraphics = 3;
                    }

                    // Is this a modesetting ddx with additional 1 frame lag avoidance?
                    if (XInternAtom(dpy, "PrimeTimingHack2", True) != None) {
                        windowRecord->hybridGraphics = 4;
                    }

                    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() >= 3) {
                        printf("PTB-INFO: Hybrid graphics setup with support for \"NVidia Optimus\" DRI PRIME-Sync output slaving detected - or so i think?\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: If you are displaying on a video output directly connected to the NVidia gpu, then my thinking here\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: might be wrong. In that case use PsychTweak('UseGPUIndex') to fix me! Otherwise timing might be wrong.\n");
                        printf("PTB-INFO: If i'm right, then the following assessments hold for your Optimus setup with NVidia's proprietary driver:\n");

                        if (!prime_sync_on) {
                            printf("PTB-WARNING: Optimus GPU synchronization seems to be disabled. Maybe the nvidia-modesetting driver is not enabled?\n");
                            printf("PTB-WARNING: Both visual timing and timestamping will likely be highly unreliable. Please read 'help HybridGraphics'\n");
                            printf("PTB-WARNING: on how to enable nvidia-modesetting, and then reboot once to improve quality of visual stimulation.\n");
                        }
                        else if (windowRecord->hybridGraphics < 3) {
                            printf("PTB-INFO: The custom modesetting ddx of Psychtoolbox for Optimus is not installed, so visual timestamping will be wrong!\n");
                            printf("PTB-INFO: Therefore visual timing and timestamping will likely be highly unreliable. Please read 'help HybridGraphics'\n");
                            printf("PTB-INFO: on how to install a custom modesetting ddx in order to fix visual onset timestamping and improve timing.\n");
                        }
                        else if (windowRecord->hybridGraphics >= 3) {
                            printf("PTB-INFO: Custom modesetting ddx detected. Visual onset timestamps should be mostly reliable at least on display setups\n");
                            printf("PTB-INFO: with at most one display per X-Screen and one topmost, non-transparent fullscreen window on that X-Screen.\n");
                            if (windowRecord->hybridGraphics < 4) {
                                printf("PTB-INFO: Accurate onset timing requires strict adherence to recommended practices for Screen('Flip', window, tWhen) 'tWhen' times.\n");
                                printf("PTB-INFO: An extra stimulus onset delay of 1 video refresh cycle can't be avoided for immediate flips with this driver though.\n");
                                printf("PTB-INFO: If you need low-latency stimulus onset, install the NoLag variant of the modesetting ddx instead of the highlag variant.\n");
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                XRRFreeScreenResources(resources);
            }
        }
        else {
            // Intel iGPU + NVidia dGPU + NVidia proprietary driver, but no PRIME-SYNC capable ddx.
            // This is likely hopeless, warn user:
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() >= 3) {
                printf("PTB-INFO: This seems to be an Optimus hybrid graphics laptop with proprietary NVidia driver, which will cause timing problems.\n");
                printf("PTB-INFO: Please read 'help HybridGraphics' on how to install a custom modesetting ddx on X-Server 1.19 or later in order to\n");
                printf("PTB-INFO: fix visual onset timestamping and improve timing. If you are displaying on a video output directly connected to the\n");
                printf("PTB-INFO: NVidia gpu though, then my mapping of GPU's might be wrong (PsychTweak('UseGPUIndex') to fix it) and you can ignore\n");
                printf("PTB-INFO: this message.\n");
            }
        }
        PsychUnlockDisplay();
    }

    // On a hybridGraphics setup always make sure our Linux kernel is recent enough:
    if ((windowRecord->hybridGraphics) && (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1)) {
        struct utsname unameresult;
        int major = 0, minor = 0, patchlevel = 0;
        uname(&unameresult);
        sscanf(unameresult.release, "%i.%i.%i", &major, &minor, &patchlevel);

        // If the display iGPU is an Intel chip then we need kernel 4.6 or later for proper dmabuf-fence sync:
        if (gpuMaintype == kPsychIntelIGP) {
            // Need at least Linux 4.6 for Intel iGPU + some dGPU. In principle 4.5 would do,
            // but NVIDIA found some performance issues when running on their Optimus drivers
            // wrt. concurrent hardware cursor updates on the Intel side. Linux 4.6 seems to
            // fix that, according to them.
            if (major < 4 || (major == 4 && minor < 6)) {
                printf("PTB-WARNING: This hybrid graphics setup uses a Intel gpu for display, but your Linux kernel %i.%i.%i is too old.\n", major, minor, patchlevel);
                printf("PTB-WARNING: Please upgrade to Linux version 4.6 or later for hybrid graphics support without visual stimulation artifacts.\n");
                printf("PTB-WARNING: If your machine has a modern AMD discrete gpu, upgrading to Linux 4.8.11 or later is required.\n");
            }
            else if ((windowRecord->hybridGraphics == 1) && (ati || rendergpuVendor == PCI_VENDOR_ID_AMD || rendergpuVendor == PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI)) {
                // Intel iGPU + AMD dGPU renderoffload on Linux 4.6 or later. All is fine on older AMD
                // parts driven by radeon-kms. "Volcanic Islands" GCN 1.2+ gpus driven by amdgpu-kms
                // need at least Linux 4.8.11 in order to provide proper fence sync
                // under high load. Specifically the following patch is needed for amdgpu-kms:
                // http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8e94a46c1770884166b31adc99eba7da65a446a7
                // The patch has been back-ported already to the Linux 4.8.11 kernel, and also by
                // Canonical's kernel team to their upcoming Ubuntu-4.8.0-29.31 kernel for Ubuntu 16.10
                // and the future Ubuntu 16.04.2-LTS HWE-1 stack:
                // http://kernel.ubuntu.com/git/ubuntu/ubuntu-yakkety.git/commit/?h=master-next&id=d8ae64bcc02ff9e1c171539bdea55640ef53a1eb

                // Probe if amdgpu-kms driver modules is loaded:
                FILE *amdgpu = fopen("/sys/module/amdgpu", "r");
                if (amdgpu) {
                    // Yes, dGPU is driven by amdgpu-kms.
                    fclose(amdgpu);

                    if (verbose) printf("PTB-DEBUG: Render gpu driven by amdgpu-kms. Checking required kernel version...\n");

                    if (major == 4 && minor == 8 && patchlevel == 0) {
                        char extraversionsignature[512];
                        // Kernel release 4.8.0 could mean a Ubuntu kernel, ie., an Ubuntu kernel
                        // originally based on 4.8.0, but then maintained independent of mainline.
                        // If so, then the /proc/version_signature file should exist and contain
                        // the release of the mainline kernel on which the Ubuntu 4.8.0-XXX kernel
                        // is based. Ubuntu 16.10 "Yaketty Yak", and Ubuntu 16.04.2-LTS HWE kernel
                        // are based on 4.8.0, so lets handle this Ubuntu specific special case.
                        // Is this a Ubuntu distro kernel?
                        FILE* fd = fopen("/proc/version_signature", "rt");
                        if (fd && fgets(extraversionsignature, sizeof(extraversionsignature), fd)) {
                            // Seems so. Find signature of the stable kernel on which this one is based:
                            if (strstr(extraversionsignature, "Ubuntu")) {
                                // Ubuntu 4.8.0-X Yaketty kernel, based on 4.8.x upstream. Lets find out
                                // on which upstream kernel it is based and use that for checking Prime
                                // renderoffload capabilities:
                                if (sscanf(extraversionsignature, "%*s %*s %i.%i.%i", &major, &minor, &patchlevel) == 3) {
                                    if (verbose) printf("PTB-DEBUG: Ubuntu 4.8.0 Yaketty/16.04.2-LTS HWE-I kernel detected. Based on mainline kernel %i.%i.%i. Using this for detection.\n",
                                                        major, minor, patchlevel);
                                }
                                else {
                                    printf("PTB-WARNING: Could not find mainline kernel version of this Ubuntu 4.8.0 based kernel. May misdetect AMD hybrid graphics capabilities!\n");
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        if (fd) fclose(fd);
                    }

                    // As of November 2016 we need kernel 4.8.11 or later, otherwise warn about potential display artifacts:
                    if (major == 4 && minor < 9 && !(minor == 8 && patchlevel >= 11)) {
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: This hybrid graphics setup uses a Intel iGPU for display and AMD dGPU for rendering, but your Linux kernel %i.%i.%i\n", major, minor, patchlevel);
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: is too old to guarantee reliable visual stimulation. Upgrade to Linux version 4.8.11 or later for hybrid graphics support\n");
                        printf("PTB-WARNING: without visual stimulation artifacts. On a Ubuntu flavor, upgrade to at least Ubuntu Linux kernel 'Ubuntu-4.8.0-29.31'.\n");
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    #endif

    // Check if this is an open-source (Mesa/Gallium) graphics driver on Linux with X11
    // backend in use. If so, we must emit a single pixel write into the backbuffer, followed
    // by a pipeline glFlush after each scheduled double-buffer swap, all protected by the
    // display lock. Why? Because each scheduled/pending bufferswap invalidates the drawable
    // of the associated onscreen window, so the first write or read of the system framebuffer
    // after a scheduled swap will require a buffer revalidation, which will require a roundtrip
    // to the X-Server via our shared X11 x-display connection. Any operation on this connection
    // must be lock protected for thread-safety. We normally wouldn't know when the first access
    // to the framebuffer happens after swap and we can't lock-protect everything, so we intentionally
    // do a dummy-write immediately after each swap, under lock protection, so we know this revalidation
    // roundtrip will happen under proper lock protection. Without this, we'd get crashes on the
    // FOSS drivers. This hack is not needed with the NVidia proprietary drivers, as they do their
    // buffer revalidation without involvement of the X11 protocol. AMD Catalyst likely and AMD amdgpu-pro
    // definitely do need this workaround as well.
    //
    // So the rules are: If this onscreen window is using a X11 display connection for its operation
    // and the graphics driver is not in a white-list of known multithread-safe drivers (ie., it is
    // not the NVidia binary blob), we assume locking is required after each scheduled swap:
    if (windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychIsX11Window) {
        // X11 display backend in use. Lock-protect unless it is the white-listed NVidia blob:
        if (!strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "NVIDIA")) {
            // Driver requires locked framebuffer dummy-write + flush:
            windowRecord->specialflags |= kPsychNeedPostSwapLockedFlush;
            if (verbose) printf("PTB-DEBUG: Linux X11 backend with non-NVidia blob drivers - Enabling locked pixeltoken-write + flush workaround for XLib thread-safety.\n");
        }
    }

    while (glGetError());
    glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_RECTANGLE_TEXTURE_SIZE_EXT, &maxtexsize);
    glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_EXT, &maxcolattachments);
    if ((glewIsSupported("GL_ARB_fragment_program") || glewIsSupported("GL_ARB_vertex_program")) && glGetProgramivARB!=NULL) glGetProgramivARB(GL_FRAGMENT_PROGRAM_ARB, GL_MAX_PROGRAM_NATIVE_ALU_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB, &maxaluinst);

    // Fallback query for max 2D texture size, in case rectangle texture size query should fail:
    if (maxtexsize == 0) glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &maxtexsize);

    // Cache maximum supported texture size for reuse by other routines:
    windowRecord->maxTextureSize = (int) maxtexsize;

    while (glGetError());

    if (verbose) {
        printf("PTB-DEBUG: Interrogating Low-level renderer capabilities for onscreen window with handle %i:\n", windowRecord->windowIndex);
        printf("Indicator variables: FBO's %i, ATI_texture_float %i, ARB_texture_float %i, Vendor %s, Renderer %s.\n",
                glewIsSupported("GL_EXT_framebuffer_object"),glewIsSupported("GL_ATI_texture_float"), glewIsSupported("GL_ARB_texture_float"), (char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), (char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER));
        printf("Indicator variables: maxcolorattachments = %i, maxrectangletexturesize = %i, maxnativealuinstructions = %i.\n", maxcolattachments, maxtexsize, maxaluinst);
    }

    if (glewIsSupported("GL_MESA_ycbcr_texture") || glewIsSupported("GL_APPLE_ycbcr_422")) {
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapUYVYTexture;
        if (verbose) printf("GPU supports UYVY - YCrCb texture formats for optimized handling of video content.\n");
    }

    if (glewIsSupported("GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two") || strstr((const char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_OES_texture_npot")) {
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapNPOTTex;
        if (verbose) printf("GPU supports non-power-of-two textures.\n");
    }

    // OpenGL-ES setup?
    if (PsychIsGLES(windowRecord)) {
        // OES framebuffer objects supported?
        if (strstr((const char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_OES_framebuffer_object") || glewIsSupported("GL_EXT_framebuffer_object") || glewIsSupported("GL_ARB_framebuffer_object")) {
            if (verbose) printf("Basic OES framebuffer objects supported --> RGBA rendertargets with blending.\n");
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFBO;

            if (strstr((const char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "_framebuffer_blit")) {
                if (verbose) printf("OES Framebuffer objects support fast blitting between each other.\n");
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFBOBlit;
            }
        }
    }

    // Is this a GPU with known broken drivers that yield miserable texture creation performance
    // for RGBA8 textures when using the standard optimized settings?
    // As far as we know (June 2008), ATI hardware under MS-Windows and Linux has this driver bugs,
    // at least on X1600 mobile and X1300 desktop:
    if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_WINDOWS || PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && ati) {
        // Supposedly: Set the special flag that will trigger alternative parameter selection
        // in PsychCreateTexture():
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapNeedsUnsignedByteRGBATextureUpload;
    }

    // Does usercode want us to override the automatic choice of optimal texture upload format for RGBA8 textures?
    if (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychTextureUploadFormatOverride) {
        // Override! Invert current setting:
        if (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapNeedsUnsignedByteRGBATextureUpload) {
            // Clear this caps bit:
            windowRecord->gfxcaps &= (~kPsychGfxCapNeedsUnsignedByteRGBATextureUpload);
        }
        else {
            // Set this caps bit:
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapNeedsUnsignedByteRGBATextureUpload;
        }
    }

    if (glewIsSupported("GL_EXT_texture_snorm")) {
        if (verbose) printf("Hardware supports signed normalized textures of 16 bpc integer format.\n");
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapSNTex16;
    }

    // Support for basic FBO's? Needed for any operation of the imaging pipeline, e.g.,
    // full imaging pipe, fast offscreen windows, Screen('TransformTexture')...

    // Check if this system does support OpenGL framebuffer objects and rectangle textures:
    if ((glewIsSupported("GL_EXT_framebuffer_object") || glewIsSupported("GL_ARB_framebuffer_object")) &&
        (glewIsSupported("GL_EXT_texture_rectangle") || glewIsSupported("GL_ARB_texture_rectangle") || glewIsSupported("GL_NV_texture_rectangle"))) {
        // Basic FBO's utilizing texture rectangle textures as rendertargets are supported.
        // We've got at least RGBA8 rendertargets, including full alpha blending:
        if (verbose) printf("Basic framebuffer objects with rectangle texture rendertargets supported --> RGBA8 rendertargets with blending.\n");
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFBO;

        // Support for fast inter-framebuffer blits?
        if (glewIsSupported("GL_EXT_framebuffer_blit")) {
            if (verbose) printf("Framebuffer objects support fast blitting between each other.\n");
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFBOBlit;
        }

        // Support for multisampled FBO's?
        if (glewIsSupported("GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample") && (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBOBlit)) {
            if (verbose) printf("Framebuffer objects support anti-aliasing via multisampling.\n");
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFBOMultisample;
        }

        // Support for framebuffer blits which do a scaling operation and a multisample resolve at once?
        if ((windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBOMultisample) &&
            (glewIsSupported("GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample_blit_scaled") || strstr((const char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample_blit_scaled"))) {
            if (verbose) printf("Framebuffer objects support single-pass multisample resolve blits and image rescaling.\n");
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFBOScaledResolveBlit;
        }
    }

    // 32-bpc floating point textures on OpenGL-ES hardware supported?
    if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_OES_texture_float")) {
        // Yes: This means we (only) have 32 bpc float textures and possibly framebuffers,
        // not 16 bpc. It also means we only have nearest neighbour textures sampling/filtering,
        // and probably no alpha blending. But better than nothing:
        //
        // Note: Seems that 16/32 bpc float textures behave the same as on desktop GL. We still
        // restrict ourselves to 32 bpc formats instead of additionally 16 bpc to simplify initial
        // porting to embedded gl - no need to complicate things.
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPTex32;
        if (verbose) printf("Hardware supports floating point textures of 32bpc float format.\n");

        if (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_OES_texture_float_linear")) {
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter32;
            if (verbose) printf("Hardware supports filtering of 32 bpc floating point textures.\n");
        }

        // 32-bpc float FBO's supported? We assume that if FBO's are supported and float textures
        // are supported, that then also float FBO's with float blending are available. The spec
        // does not say much about this, but at least on the NVidia binary desktop drivers this seems
        // to be the case:
        if ((windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBO)) { //  && strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_EXT_color_buffer_float")) {
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFBO32;
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPBlend32;
            if (verbose) printf("Hardware likely supports floating point framebuffers of 32bpc float format with blending.\n");
        }
    }

    // ATI_texture_float is supported by R300 ATI cores and later, as well as NV30/40 NVidia cores and later.
    if (glewIsSupported("GL_ATI_texture_float") || glewIsSupported("GL_ARB_texture_float") || strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS), "GL_MESAX_texture_float")) {
        // Floating point textures are supported, both 16bpc and 32bpc:
        if (verbose) printf("Hardware supports floating point textures of 16bpc and 32bpc float format.\n");
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPTex16;
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPTex32;

        // ATI specific detection logic:
        if (ati && (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBO)) {
            // ATI hardware with float texture support is a R300 core or later: They support floating point FBO's as well:
            if (verbose) printf("Assuming ATI R300 core or later: Hardware supports basic floating point framebuffers of 16bpc and 32bpc float format.\n");
            sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "R300");
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFBO16;
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFBO32;

            // ATI R500 core (X1000 series) can do blending on 16bpc float FBO's, but not R300/R400. They differ
            // in maximum supported texture size (R500 == 4096, R400 == 2560, R300 == 2048) so we use that as detector:
            if (maxtexsize > 4000) {
                // R500 core or later:
                if (verbose) printf("Assuming ATI R500 or later (maxtexsize=%i): Hardware supports floating point blending on 16bpc float format.\n", maxtexsize);
                sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "R500");
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPBlend16;

                if (verbose) printf("Hardware supports full 32 bit floating point precision shading.\n");
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFP32Shading;

                // The R600 and later can do full FP blending and texture filtering on 16bpc and 32 bpc float,
                // whereas none of the <= R5xx can do *any* float texture filtering. However, for OS/X, there
                // doesn't seem to be a clear differentiating gl extension or limit to allow distinguishing
                // R600 from earlier cores. The best we can do for now is name matching, which won't work
                // for the FireGL series however, so we also check for maxaluinst > 2000, because presumably,
                // the R600 has a limit of 2048 whereas previous cores only had 512.
                if ((strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "R600")) || (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "Radeon") && strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "HD"))) {
                    // Ok, a Radeon HD 2xxx/3xxx or later -> R600 or later:
                    if (verbose) printf("Assuming ATI R600 or later (Matching namestring): Hardware supports floating point blending and filtering on 16bpc and 32bpc float formats.\n");
                    sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "R600");
                    windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPBlend32;
                    windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter16;
                    windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter32;
                }
                else if (maxaluinst > 2000) {
                    // Name matching failed, but number ALU instructions is high, so maybe a FireGL with R600 core?
                    if (verbose) printf("Assuming ATI R600 or later (Max native ALU inst. = %i): Hardware supports floating point blending and filtering on 16bpc and 32bpc float formats.\n", maxaluinst);
                    sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "R600");
                    windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPBlend32;
                    windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter16;
                    windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter32;
                }

                // Running on Linux + Mesa OpenGL driving an AMD R600 gpu or later, and thereby possibly a
                // AMD GCN gpu controlled by the Mesa Gallium radeonsi gfx-driver? If so then we need a workaround
                // for a radeonsi bug present in Mesa versions 18.1, 18.2, and early versions of Mesa 18.3.x.
                // The bug is fixed upstream for Mesa 19+ and for Mesa 18.3.2+, so the workaround is used for
                // Mesa 18.1.0 - Mesa 18.3.1.
                //
                // The bug is that 1 component 1D or 2 component 2D vertex attributes submitted via VBO's or VAO's,
                // e.g., via glTexCoordPointer() or similar will not get transmitted to GLSL vertex shaders properly
                // iff user data type GL_DOUBLE is used. E.g., glTexCoordPointer(1, GL_DOUBLE, ...) will result in
                // reception of corrupted gl_MultiTexCoordX.x values. This can be avoided by using GL_FLOAT as input
                // data type, e.g., glTexCoordPointer(1, GL_FLOAT, ...) or using the experimental NIR shader backend
                // (setenv R600_DEBUG=nir). Set the specialflags flag kPsychNeedVBODouble12Workaround to signal this
                // bug. Atm. only Screen('DrawDots') needs to work around the bug if smooth/round point rendering or
                // shader based rendering is requested (dot_type > 0) and different point sizes are used for individual
                // dots.
                if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && strstr(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "R600") &&
                    (mesaversion[0] == 18) && (mesaversion[1] > 0) && ((mesaversion[1] < 3) || (mesaversion[2] < 2))) {
                    if (verbose)
                        printf("Potential AMD GCN gpu on Linux with potentially buggy Mesa Gallium radeonsi driver. Enabling 'DrawDots' workaround.\n");
                    windowRecord->specialflags |= kPsychNeedVBODouble12Workaround;
                }
            }
        }

        // NVIDIA specific detection logic:
        if (nvidia && (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBO)) {
            // NVIDIA hardware with float texture support is a NV30 core or later: They support floating point FBO's as well:
            if (verbose) printf("Assuming NV30 core or later...\n");
            sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "NV30");

            // Use maximum number of color attachments as differentiator between GeforceFX and GF6xxx/7xxx/....
            if (maxcolattachments > 1) {
                // NV40 core of GF 6000 or later supports at least 16 bpc float texture filtering and framebuffer blending:
                if (verbose) printf("Assuming NV40 core or later (maxcolattachments=%i): Hardware supports floating point blending and filtering on 16bpc float format.\n", maxcolattachments);
                if (verbose) printf("Hardware also supports floating point framebuffers of 16bpc and 32bpc float format.\n");
                sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "NV40");
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFBO16;
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFBO32;
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter16;
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPBlend16;

                // NV 40 supports full 32 bit float precision in shaders:
                if (verbose) printf("Hardware supports full 32 bit floating point precision shading.\n");
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFP32Shading;
            }

            // The Geforce 8xxx/9xxx series and later (G80 cores and later) do support full 32 bpc float filtering and blending:
            // They also support a max texture size of > 4096 texels --> 8192 texels, so we use that as detector:
            if ((maxtexsize > 4100) || (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "nouveau") && (maxtexsize >= 4096) && (maxaluinst >= 16384))) {
                if (verbose) printf("Assuming G80 core or later (maxtexsize=%i): Hardware supports full floating point blending and filtering on 16bpc and 32bpc float format.\n", maxtexsize);
                sprintf(windowRecord->gpuCoreId, "G80");
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPBlend32;
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter32;
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter16;
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPBlend16;
            }
        }

        // INTEL specific detection logic:
        if ((intel || llvmpipe) && (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFBO) && glewIsSupported("GL_ARB_texture_float")) {
            // An Intel GPU with FBO and ARB_texture_float support: These are usually of the HD graphics series and
            // recent enough to support floating point textures and rendertargets with 16 bpc and 32 bpc float, including
            // texture filtering and frame buffer blending, and as a bonus FP32 shading. Iow. they support the whole
            // shebang, as they are at least OpenGL 3.0 / Direct3D-10 compliant:
            if (verbose && intel) printf("Assuming HD graphics core or later: Hardware supports full 16/32 bit floating point textures, frame buffers, filtering and blending, as well as some 32 bit float shading.\n");
            if (verbose && llvmpipe) printf("Assuming Gallium LLVM-Pipe rasterizer: Renderer supports full 16/32 bit floating point textures, frame buffers, filtering and blending, as well as some 32 bit float shading.\n");

            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFBO16;
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFBO32;
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter16;
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPFilter32;
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPBlend16;
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFPBlend32;
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFP32Shading;
        }
    }

    // Is GL_POINT_SMOOTH actually producing round, anti-aliased points? As of October 2015,
    // we know NVidia gpus support this on Linux, both with binary blob and nouveau, but the current
    // Mesa drivers for AMD and Intel don't. Windows and OSX graphics drivers do support point
    // smoothing. Modern AMD hardware supports point smoothing with the proprietary amdgpu-pro driver.
    // Check for OpenGL version 4 as a sign of a modern enough AMD gpu, as we don't want shader-based
    // in the driver:
    if ((PSYCH_SYSTEM != PSYCH_LINUX) || nvidia ||
        (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "ATI") && strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VERSION), "Compatibility Profile") && !strncmp((char*) glGetString(GL_VERSION), "4.", 2))) {
        if (verbose) printf("Assuming hardware supports native OpenGL primitive smoothing (points, lines).\n");
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapSmoothPrimitives;
    }

    {
        // Check the rounding behavior if floating point color values are written to a
        // fixed point integer framebuffer - truncate or round to nearest integer?
        GLubyte testpixel;

        glClearColor(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glReadPixels(0, 0, 1, 1, GL_RED, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, (GLvoid*) &testpixel);
        if (testpixel == 128)
            windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapFloatToIntRound;

        if (verbose)
            printf("Float color value 0.5 -> fixed point reads back as %i ==> %s.\n",
                   (int) testpixel, (windowRecord->gfxcaps & kPsychGfxCapFloatToIntRound) ? "Rounds" : "Truncates");
    }

    // Allow usercode to override our pessimistic view of vertex color precision:
    if (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychAssumeGfxCapVCGood) {
        if (verbose) printf("Assuming hardware can process vertex colors at full 32bpc float precision, as requested by usercode via ConserveVRAMSetting kPsychAssumeGfxCapVCGood.\n");
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapVCGood;
    }

    // Native OpenGL quad-buffered stereo context?
    glGetBooleanv(GL_STEREO, &nativeStereo);
    if (nativeStereo) {
        if (verbose) printf("Hardware supports native OpenGL quad-buffered stereo, e.g., frame-sequential mode.\n");
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapNativeStereo;
    }

    // Running under Chromium OpenGL virtualization or Mesa Software Rasterizer or Mesa's Gallium LLVM rasterizer?
    if ((strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "Humper") && strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "Chromium")) ||
        (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "VMware") && strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "llvmpipe")) ||
        (strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR), "Mesa") && strstr((char*) glGetString(GL_RENDERER), "Software Rasterizer"))) {
        // Yes: We're very likely running inside a Virtual Machine, e.g., VirtualBox.
        // This does not provide sufficiently accurate display timing for production use of Psychtoolbox.
        // Output a info message for user and disable all calibrations and sync tests -- they would fail anyway.
        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 2) {
            printf("\n\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: Seems like Psychtoolbox is running inside a Virtual Machine? This doesn't provide sufficient\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: visual stimulus timing precision for research grade visual stimulation. I will disable most\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: tests and calibrations so you can at least get your scripts running for demo purposes. Other\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: presentation modalities and various Psychtoolbox functions will only work with limited functionality\n");
            printf("PTB-INFO: and precision. Only use this for demos and simple tests, not for real experiment sessions!\n\n");

            // Disable all sync tests and display timing calibrations, unless usercode already did something similar:
            if (PsychPrefStateGet_SkipSyncTests() < 1) PsychPrefStateSet_SkipSyncTests(2);
            // Disable strict OpenGL error checking, so we don't abort for minor OpenGL errors and
            // don't clutter the console with OpenGL error warnings. This keeps some scripts running in
            // at least a bearable way:
            PsychPrefStateSet_ConserveVRAM(PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() | kPsychAvoidCPUGPUSync);
        }
    }

    #ifdef GLX_OML_sync_control
    #ifndef PTB_USE_WAFFLE
    // Running on a XServer prior to version 1.8.2 with broken OpenML implementation? Mark it, if so:
    if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 4) {
        PsychLockDisplay();
        printf("PTB-Info: Running on '%s' XServer, Vendor release %i.\n", XServerVendor(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext), (int) XVendorRelease(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext));
        PsychUnlockDisplay();
    }

    if (verbose) {
        printf("OML_sync_control indicators: glXGetSyncValuesOML=%p , glXWaitForMscOML=%p, glXWaitForSbcOML=%p, glXSwapBuffersMscOML=%p\n",
                glXGetSyncValuesOML, glXWaitForMscOML, glXWaitForSbcOML, glXSwapBuffersMscOML);
        printf("OML_sync_control indicators: glxewIsSupported() says %i.\n", (int) glxewIsSupported("GLX_OML_sync_control"));
        printf("OML_sync_control indicators: glXQueryExtensionsString() says %i.\n",
               !!((long) strstr(glXQueryExtensionsString(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext, PsychGetXScreenIdForScreen(windowRecord->screenNumber)), "GLX_OML_sync_control")));
    }

    // Check if OpenML extensions for precisely scheduled stimulus onset and onset timestamping are supported:
    if (glxewIsSupported("GLX_OML_sync_control") && (glXGetSyncValuesOML && glXWaitForMscOML && glXWaitForSbcOML && glXSwapBuffersMscOML) &&
        strstr(glXQueryExtensionsString(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext, PsychGetXScreenIdForScreen(windowRecord->screenNumber)), "GLX_OML_sync_control")) {
    #else
    // Disable this whole code-path if PTB_USE_WAFFLE:
    if (FALSE) {
    #endif
        if (verbose) printf("System supports OpenML OML_sync_control extension for high-precision scheduled swaps and timestamping.\n");

        // If prior 1.8.2 and therefore defective, disable use of OpenML for anything, even timestamping:
        PsychLockDisplay();
        if (XVendorRelease(windowRecord->targetSpecific.privDpy) < 10802000) {
            PsychUnlockDisplay();
            // OpenML timestamping in PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp() and PsychOSGetVBLTimeAndCount() disabled:
            windowRecord->specialflags |= kPsychOpenMLDefective;

            // OpenML swap scheduling in PsychFlipWindowBuffers() disabled:
            windowRecord->gfxcaps &= ~kPsychGfxCapSupportsOpenML;

            if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 1) {
                printf("PTB-WARNING: XServer version prior to 1.8.2 with defective OpenML OML_sync_control implementation detected! Disabling all OpenML support.\n");
            }
        }
        else {
            PsychUnlockDisplay();
            // OpenML is currently only supported on GNU/Linux, but should be pretty well working/useable
            // starting with Linux kernel 2.6.35 and XOrg X-Servers 1.8.2, 1.9.x and later, as shipping
            // in the Ubuntu 10.10 release in October 2010 and other future distributions.
            // PTB will use OpenML scheduling if supported and found to be correctly working, but the
            // kPsychDisableOpenMLScheduling conserveVRAM flag allows to force it off and fall back to
            // conventional PTB scheduling.
            if (!(PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychDisableOpenMLScheduling)) {
                // Enabled and supported: Use it.
                windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapSupportsOpenML;
                if (verbose) printf("OpenML OML_sync_control extension enabled for all scheduled swaps.\n");

                // Perform correctness check and enable all relevant workarounds. We know that OpenML
                // currently is only supported on Linux/X11 with some DRI2 drivers, and that the shipping
                // DRI implementation up to and including Linux 2.6.36 does have a limitation that we need to detect
                // and workaround. Therefore we restrict this test & setup routine to Linux:
                #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX
                // Perform baseline init and correctness check:
                PsychOSInitializeOpenML(windowRecord);
                #endif
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        // OpenML unsupported:
        if (verbose) printf("No support for OpenML OML_sync_control extension.\n");

        // OpenML timestamping in PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp() and PsychOSGetVBLTimeAndCount() disabled:
        windowRecord->specialflags |= kPsychOpenMLDefective;

        // OpenML swap scheduling in PsychFlipWindowBuffers() disabled:
        windowRecord->gfxcaps &= ~kPsychGfxCapSupportsOpenML;
    }
    #else
        // Make sure we don't compile without OML_sync_control support on Linux, as that would be a shame:
        #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX
        #error Build aborted. You *must* compile with the -std=gnu99  gcc compiler switch to enable the required OML_sync_control extension!
        #endif

        // OpenML unsupported:
        if (verbose) printf("No compiled in support for OpenML OML_sync_control extension.\n");

        // OpenML timestamping in PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp() and PsychOSGetVBLTimeAndCount() disabled:
        windowRecord->specialflags |= kPsychOpenMLDefective;

        // OpenML swap scheduling in PsychFlipWindowBuffers() disabled:
        windowRecord->gfxcaps &= ~kPsychGfxCapSupportsOpenML;
    #endif

    #if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && !defined(PTB_USE_WAFFLE)
    PsychLockDisplay();
    if (strstr(glXQueryExtensionsString(windowRecord->targetSpecific.deviceContext, PsychGetXScreenIdForScreen(windowRecord->screenNumber)), "GLX_EXT_buffer_age")) {
        // Age queries for current backbuffer supported:
        if (verbose) printf("System supports backbuffer age queries.\n");
        windowRecord->gfxcaps |= kPsychGfxCapSupportsBufferAge;

        // Is this a pre NV-50 gpu (GeForce 7xxx or earlier)? If so we don't use buffer age queries,
        // because quite a few of the NVidia proprietary graphics drivers for these old gpus do have
        // bugs in their query mechanism that could cause us to spew a lot of false positive about
        // broken visual stimulation timing. NV-50 and later have well working drivers available:
        if ((gpuMaintype == kPsychGeForce) && (gpuMinortype > 0x0) && (gpuMinortype < 0x50)) {
            windowRecord->gfxcaps &= ~kPsychGfxCapSupportsBufferAge;
            if (verbose) printf("Not using backbuffer age queries due to pre NV-50 NVidia gpu with potentially problematic driver wrt. this feature.\n");
        }
    }
    PsychUnlockDisplay();
    #endif

    // If we are on Linux + Waffle backend, we call PsychOSInitializeOpenML()
    // anyway. It may use any "OpenML equivalent" of a given backend to do
    // the job of OpenML. On most backends it will no-op, on Wayland it will
    // try to use its new presentation extension for swap scheduling and
    // completion timestamping:
    #if (PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX) && defined(PTB_USE_WAFFLE)
        PsychOSInitializeOpenML(windowRecord);
    #endif

    if (verbose) printf("PTB-DEBUG: Interrogation done.\n\n");

    return;
}

// Common (Operating system independent) code to be executed immediately
// before a OS specific double buffer swap request is performed: This
// is called from PsychOSFlipWindowBuffers() within the OS specific variants
// of PsychWindowGlue.c and shall implement special logging actions, workarounds
// etc.
//
// Currently it implements manual syncing of bufferswap requests to VBL onset,
// i.e., waits via beamposition query for VBL onset before returning. This to
// work around setups will totally broken VSYNC support.
void PsychExecuteBufferSwapPrefix(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    CGDirectDisplayID cgDisplayID;
    long vbl_startline, scanline, lastline;

    // Store current preflip GPU graphics surface addresses, if supported:
    PsychStoreGPUSurfaceAddresses(windowRecord);

    // Workaround for broken sync-bufferswap-to-VBL support needed?
    if ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychBusyWaitForVBLBeforeBufferSwapRequest) || (PsychPrefStateGet_ConserveVRAM() & kPsychBusyWaitForVBLBeforeBufferSwapRequest)) {
        // Yes: Sync of bufferswaps to VBL requested?
        if (windowRecord->vSynced) {
            // Sync of bufferswaps to retrace requested:
            // We perform a busy-waiting spin-loop and query current beamposition until
            // beam leaves VBL area:

            // Retrieve display handle for beamposition queries:
            PsychGetCGDisplayIDFromScreenNumber(&cgDisplayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);

            // Retrieve final vbl_startline, aka physical height of the display in pixels:
            vbl_startline = windowRecord->VBL_Startline;

            // Busy-Wait: The special handling of <=0 values makes sure we don't hang here
            // if beamposition queries are broken as well:
            lastline = (long) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);
            if (lastline == 0) {
                // Zero scanout position. Could be sign of a failure, or just that we happened zero
                // by chance. Wait  250 usecs and retry. If it is still zero, we know this is a
                // permanent failure condition.
                PsychWaitIntervalSeconds(0.000250);
                lastline = (long) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);
            }

            if (lastline > 0) {
                // Within video frame. Wait for beamposition wraparound or start of VBL:
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>9) printf("\nPTB-DEBUG: Lastline beampos = %i\n", (int) lastline);

                scanline = lastline;

                // Wait until entering VBL or wraparound (i.e., VBL skipped). The fudge
                // factor of -1 is to take yet another NVidia bug into account :-(
                while ((scanline < vbl_startline) && (scanline >= lastline - 1)) {
                    lastline = (scanline > lastline) ? scanline : lastline;
                    if (scanline < (vbl_startline - 100)) PsychYieldIntervalSeconds(0.0);
                    scanline = (long) PsychGetDisplayBeamPosition(cgDisplayID, windowRecord->screenNumber);
                }
                if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity()>9) printf("\nPTB-DEBUG: At exit of loop: Lastline beampos = %i, Scanline beampos = %i\n", (int) lastline, (int) scanline);
            }
        }
    }

    return;
}

/* PsychFindFreeSwapGroupId() - Return the id of the first unused
 * swapgroup between 1 and maxGroupId. Return zero if no such free
 * group id can be found.
 * This is a helper function for OS dependent setup routines for swaplock/framelock
 * extensions.
 */
int PsychFindFreeSwapGroupId(int maxGroupId)
{
    PsychWindowRecordType **windowRecordArray = NULL;
    int    i, j, rc;
    psych_bool taken;
    int numWindows = 0;

    if (maxGroupId < 1) return(0);

    PsychCreateVolatileWindowRecordPointerList(&numWindows, &windowRecordArray);
    rc = 0;

    for (j = 1; j <= maxGroupId; j++) {
        // Search all swapgroups if id 'j' is already taken.
        taken = FALSE;
        for(i = 0; i < numWindows; i++) {
            if (PsychIsOnscreenWindow(windowRecordArray[i]) && ((int) windowRecordArray[i]->swapGroup == j)) {
                taken = TRUE;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!taken) {
            // Bingo!
            rc = j;
            break;
        }
    }

    // rc is either zero if no swapgroup id free, or a free swapgroup handle.
    PsychDestroyVolatileWindowRecordPointerList(windowRecordArray);

    return(rc);
}

/* Make sure the lockedflush workaround is applied before we first touch
 * the framebuffer of this brand new onscreen window for real via the
 * glClear() call sequence below. The assumption is that the first access
 * to the drawable will also trigger a X11 roundtrip for fb validation:
 *
 */
void PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded(PsychWindowRecordType *windowRecord)
{
    // Is this workaround needed at all to avoid multi-threading corruption on the
    // shared x-display connection?
    // If so, is it needed now? It is needed if there is any chance a parallel background flipper
    // thread is active and executing at this moment, ie. if any of this is true:
    // a) We are executing on a flipper thread, ie., not the master thread.
    // b) Any async flips ops are active on any window.
    // c) Any framesequential stereo flipping threads are active on any window.
    if ((windowRecord->specialflags & kPsychNeedPostSwapLockedFlush) &&
        (!PsychIsMasterThread() || (PsychGetNrAsyncFlipsActive() > 0) || (PsychGetNrFrameSeqStereoWindowsActive() > 0))
        ) {
        // Workaround needed.

        // Try to wait for double-buffer swap completion in a non-blocking way, if this is supported,
        // e.g., via OpenML OML_sync_control extension. Calling with a (0, NULL) pair will just wait
        // for swap completion in a poll-waiting way without blocking the x-connection much. The
        // function will fall-through and noop if OpenML is unsupported or broken.
        PsychOSGetSwapCompletionTimestamp(windowRecord, 0, NULL);

        if (PsychPrefStateGet_Verbosity() > 15) {
            printf("PTB-DEBUG: PsychLockedTouchFramebufferIfNeeded()! isMaster = %i   AsyncFlips = %i   StereoWindows = %i\n",
                PsychIsMasterThread(), PsychGetNrAsyncFlipsActive(), PsychGetNrFrameSeqStereoWindowsActive());
            fflush(NULL);
        }

        // Touch the framebuffer for framebuffer revalidation roundtrip to X-Server,
        // with the display lock held, to make future access to this onscreen windows
        // framebuffer thread-safe on XLib:
        #if PSYCH_SYSTEM == PSYCH_LINUX
            PsychLockDisplay();
            PsychWaitPixelSyncToken(windowRecord, TRUE);
            PsychUnlockDisplay();
        #endif
    }
}
